Pramanasutra
Pramanasutra
PRECEPTS ON VALID KNOWLEDGE┬ахЕ│ф║ОцнгчбочЪДчЯешпЖ┬а┬а
цнгчв║уБкчЯешнШуБлщЦвуБЩуВЛцХЩшиУ┬а
(A) PANCAVIDHA JNANA Five Kinds Of Knowledge┬аф║ФчзНчЯешпЖ┬а┬а
ф║ФчиоуБочЯешнШ
Samsayavimoha-vibbhaya-vivajjiyam appaparasaruvassa.
Gahanam sammam nanam, sayaramaneyabheyam tu. (674)
┬аSuch a grasping of the nature of itself and that of other things, as is free from doubt, mistake and uncertainty is
called the right cognition; it is of a determinate form and is of various types. (674)
ф║ЖшзгшЗкш║лчЪДцЬмш┤иф╗ехПКхЕ╢ф╗Цф║ЛчЙйчЪДцЬмш┤их╣╢цСТх╝Гф║ЖцААчЦСуАБщФЩшппф╗ехПКф╕НчбохоЪчз░ф╕║цнгчбочЪДшодчЯеуАВф╗ЦхЕ╖
цЬЙчбохоЪчЪДх╜вх╝Пф╗ехПКхдЪчзНч▒╗хЮЛуАВ
шЗкш║луБоцЬмш│кхПКуБ│уБЭуБоф╗ЦуБоцЬмш│куВТуВИуБПуВПуБЛуБгуБжуАБцЗРчЦСуАБщЦУщБХуБДхПКуБ│ф╕Нчв║хоЪуБкуБУуБиуВТцНиуБжуБЯчЯешнШуБпцнгчв║уБкшкНчЯеуБихС╝уБ░уВМуВЛуАВуБЭуВМуБпчв║хоЪуБкх╜вх╝ПуБихдЪцХ░уБощбЮхЮЛуБМуБВуВЛуАВ
Tattha pamcaviham nanam, suyam abhinibohiyam.
Ohinanam tu taiyam, manananam ca kevalam. (675) ┬а
The knowledge is of five kinds: Mati-Jnana i.e., knowledge derived through the five senses and the mind Sruta-jnana
i.e. knowledge obtained from the scriptures, Avadhi-Jnana (clairvoyance) Manahaparya-Jnana i.e. telepathy and
Kevala-Jnana i.e. omniscience. (675)
чЯешпЖхИЖф╕║ф║Фч▒╗я╝ЪчФ▒ф║ФхоШцЙАшО╖х╛ЧчЪДчЯешпЖя╝ЫчФ▒хЕ╕ч▒НцЙАшО╖х╛ЧчЪДчЯешпЖя╝ЫщАЪш┐Зч╗ЖшЗ┤чЪДшзВхпЯцЙАшО╖х╛ЧчЪДчЯешпЖя╝Ых┐ГчБ╡цДЯх║Фф╗ехПКхЕИчЯеуАВ
чЯешнШуБпф║ФчиоуБлхИЖуБСуВЙуВМуВЛуАВф║ФхоШуБлуВИуВЛчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуАБхЕ╕ч▒НуБлуВИуВЛчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуАБч┤░уБЛуБДшж│хпЯуБлуВИуВЛчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуАБх┐ГщЬКцДЯх┐ЬуБлуВИуВЛчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуБКуВИуБ│хЕИчЯеуБлуВИуВЛчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуБауАВ
Pamceva homti nana, madisudaohimanam ca kevalayam. ┬а
Khayauvasamiya cauro, kevalananam have khaiyam. (676) ┬а
Knowledge is thus of five kinds: sensory knowledge, scriptural knowledge, clairvoyance, telepathy and
omniscience. The first four result from substance cum annihilation of the relevant Karmas, while omniscience result
after total annihilation of Karmas. (676)
хЫацндчЯешпЖхИЖф╕║ф║Фч▒╗я╝ЪцДЯхоШчЯешпЖя╝МхЕ╕ч▒НчЯешпЖя╝Мц┤ЮхпЯя╝МцДЯх║Фф╗ехПКхЕИчЯеуАВхЙНхЫЫшАЕцЭец║Рф║Охп╣чЫ╕хЕ│чЪДхЫа
цЮЬцКех║ФчЪДшД▒чж╗я╝МшАМхЕИчЯехИЩщЬАшжБхоМхЕишД▒чж╗ф║ЖхЫацЮЬцКех║ФуАВ
уБЭуБоуБЯуБ╛уАБчЯешнШуБпф║ФчиоуБлхИЖуБЛуВМуВЛуАВцДЯхоШчЯешнШуАБхЕ╕ч▒НчЯешнШуАБшжЛцКЬуБПчЯешнШуАБцДЯх┐ЬчЯешнШхПКуБ│хЕИчЯеуБочЯешнШуБауАВхЙНуБохЫЫуБдуБпчЫ╕щЦвуБЩуВЛхЫацЮЬх┐Ьха▒уБЛуВЙуБощЫвшД▒уБЛуВЙцЭеуБЯуБМуАБхЕИчЯеуБпхЫацЮЬх┐Ьха▒уБЛуВЙхоМхЕиуБлщЫвшД▒уБЧуБЯуАВ
Iha apoha vimamsa, maggana ya gavesana.
Sanna sati mati panna, savvam abhinibodhiyam. (677) ┬а
Reflection on what has been perceived, reasoning, questioning, examining, searching,
understanding and judging these are the varieties of sensory knowledge. (677)
цДЯхоШчЯешпЖхМЕцЛмцДЯшзЙуАБцОичРЖуАБчЦСщЧоуАБцгАхпЯуАБхп╗цЙ╛уАБчРЖшзгф╗ехПКхИдцЦнуАВ
цДЯхоШчЯешнШуБпцДЯшжЪуАБцОичРЖуАБчЦСхХПуАБцдЬцЯ╗уАБцОвуБЧуАБчРЖшзгхПКуБ│хИдцЦнуБлуВИуБгуБжх╛ЧуВЙуВМуБЯуАВ
Atthao atthamtaramuvalambhe tam bhananti suyananam.
Abhinibohiyapuvvam, niyamena ya saddayam mulam. (678) ┬а
Sruta-Jnana is said to consist in comprehension of the meaning of words that are heard or
it is derived from the senses and the mind and it as a rule is born of words. (678)
Sruta-JnanaхнШхЬиф║Охп╣шпншиАцДПф╣ЙчЪДчРЖшзгя╝Мф╗ЦцЭец║Рф║ОцДЯшзВуАБцАЭцГ│ф╗ехПКшпншиАуАВ
шиАшкЮцДПхС│уБлхп╛уБЩуВЛчРЖшзгуБлхнШхЬиуБЩуВЛSruta-JnanaуБпцДЯхоШуАБцАЭцГ│хПКуБ│шиАшкЮуБЛуВЙуБНуБЯуАВ
Imdiyamanonimittam, jam vinnanam suyanusarenam.
Niyayatatthuttisamattham, tam bhavasuyam mai sesam. (679) ┬а
The knowledge which is required through the senses and the mind by hearing or reading the scripture and which is
capable of expressing its content is called Bhava-srutajnana, the rest of the knowledge (acquired through thought-
activities and the senses) is matijnana. (679)
щАЪш┐ЗцДЯхоШф╗ехПКшБЖхРмуАБщШЕшп╗уАБхдНш┐░хЕ╕ч▒НцЙАшО╖х╛ЧчЪДчЯешпЖчз░ф╕║Bhava-srutajnanaя╝Мф╜┐чФихЕ╢ф╗ЦцЦ╣ц│ХцЙА
шО╖х╛ЧчЪДчЯешпЖчз░ф╕║matijnanaя╝ИцАЭч╗┤ц┤╗хКицИЦшАЕцДЯхоШя╝ЙуАВ
цДЯхоШхПКуБ│шБЮуБПуАБшкнуВАуАБхЕ╕ч▒НуВТх╛йхФ▒уБЩуВЛуБУуБиуБлуВИуБгуБжчН▓х╛ЧуБЧуБЯчЯешнШуБпBhava-srutajnanaуБихС╝уБ░уВМуВЛуАВф╗ЦуБоцЦ╣ц│ХуБлуВИуБгуБжх╛ЧуВЙуВМуВЛчЯешнШуБпmatijnanaя╝ИцАЭцГЯц┤╗хЛХуБВуВЛуБДуБпцДЯхоШя╝ЙуБихС╝уБ░уВМуВЛуАВ
Maipuvvam suyamuttam, na mai suyapuvviya viseso├п┬┐┬╜yam.
Puvvam puranapalana-bhavao jam mai tassa. (680) ┬а
The Srutajnana is acquired through matijnana while the matijnana is not acquired through Srutajnana, but in the act
of fortering thoughts, it is the characteristic of matijnana that it precedes the Srutajnana. ┬а(680)
щАЪш┐ЗmatijnanaхПпф╗ешО╖х╛ЧSrutajnanaя╝МшАМщАЪш┐ЗSrutajnanaхИЩф╕Нф╕АхоЪшГ╜шО╖х╛Чmatijnanaя╝Ыф╜ЖцШпхЬихЯ╣
хЕ╗цАЭч╗┤чЪДцЧ╢хАЩя╝Мmatijnanaх░▒шжБф╝Шф║ОSrutajnanaуАВ
MatijnanaуБлуВИуБгуБжSrutajnanaуБМх╛ЧуВЙуВМуВЛуБМуАВSrutajnanaуБлуВИуБгуБжуАБMatijnanaуВТх┐ЕуБЪх╛ЧуВЛуБзуБпуБкуБДуАВуБЧуБЛуБЧуАБцАЭцГЯуВТшВ▓уБдцЩВуАБmatijnanaуБпSrutajnanaуВИуВКуВИуБДуАВ
Avahiyaditti ohi, simananetti vanniyam samae.
Bhavagunapaccaya-vihiyam, tamohinana tti nam bimti. (681) ┬а
The type of cognition which limits the (direct) knowledge is called (Avadhi-Jnana) i.e., clairvoyance, in the
scriptures, it is also called simajnana i.e. .imited cognition. This avadhi-jnana is of two types -viz. one that is born
on account of a certain type of birth and one that is born on account of the practice of certain various qualities. (681)
щЩРхИ╢ф║ЖчЫ┤цОечЯешпЖчЪДшодчЯечз░ф╕║Avadhi-Jnanaя╝Мф╛ЛхжВц┤ЮхпЯя╝МхЬихЕ╕ч▒Нф╕ня╝Мш┐Щф╣Ячз░ф╕║simajnanaя╝Мф╛Л
хжВцЬЙщЩРчЪДшодчЯеуАВш┐ЩчзНAvadhi-JnanaхИЖф╕║ф╕дч▒╗я╝Мф╕Ач▒╗цШпф╕ОчФЯф┐▒цЭечЪДя╝МхПжф╕Ач▒╗цШпщАЪш┐Зхп╣ф║ОцЯРчзНхУБш┤ичЪДхЯ╣хЕ╗уАВ
чЫ┤цОеуБочЯешнШуВТхИ╢щЩРуБЩуВЛшкНчЯеуБпAvadhi-JnanaуБихС╝уБ░уВМуВЛуАВуБЯуБиуБИуБ░ц┤ЮхпЯуАВхЕ╕ч▒НуБоф╕нуБлуАБsimajnanaуБиуВВуВИуБ░уВМуВЛуАВуБЯуБиуБИуБ░цЬЙщЩРуБкшкНчЯеуАВуБЭуБЖуБДуБЖAvadhi-JnanaуБпф║МчиоуБлхИЖуБСуВЙуВМуВЛуАВф╕АчиоуБпчФЯуБ╛уВМуБдуБДуБЯуБМуАБуВВуБЖф╕АчиоуБпуБВуВЛхУБш│куБощдКцИРуБлуВИуВЛуАВ
Cimtiyamacimtiyam va, addham cimtiya aneyabheyagayam.
Manapajjava tti nanam, jam janai tam tu naraloe. (682) ┬а
In this world of human beings, that type of cognition is called manahaparyayajnana, which comprehends other’s
thought, that is already entertained, that is not yet entertained or that is only half entertained, and so on. It is of
many types. (682)
хЬиш┐Щф╕кф╕ЦчХМф╕ня╝МшодчЯечЪДчзНч▒╗чз░ф╕║manahaparyayajnanaя╝МхоГцШпцМЗщвЖф╝ЪхИлф║║чЪДх╖▓ч╗Пф╕║ф║║цЙАцОехПЧ
чЪДцАЭцГ│уАБш┐ШцЬкшвлф║║цЙАцОехПЧуАБх╖▓ч╗Пшвлф║║цЙАщГихИЖцОехПЧчЪДцАЭцГ│чнЙуАВф╗ЦхЕ╖цЬЙшо╕хдЪчзНч▒╗уАВ
уБУуБоф╕ЦчХМуБоф╕нуАБшкНчЯеуБочиощбЮуБпmanahaparyayajnanaуБихС╝уБ░уВМуБжуАБф╗Цф║║уБМуБЩуБзуБлуВПуБЛуБгуБЯцАЭцГ│уАБф╗Цф║║уБМуБ╛уБахПЧуБСуБкуБДцАЭцГ│уАБф╕АщГиуБоф║║уБлуБЖуБСуБЯцАЭцГ│уБкуБйуВТцМЗуБЩуАВуБЭуВМуБпхдЪуБПуБочиощбЮуБМуБВуВЛуАВ
Kevalamegam suddham, sagalamasaharanam anamtam ca.
Payam ca nanasaddo, namasamanahigarano├п┬┐┬╜yam. (683) ┬а
That type of cognition which is one, pure, perfect, extra-ordinary, endless, is called Kevalajnana, and here as usual
the generic word jnana is to be added to the specific word denotative of a particular jnana Type. (683)
ч║пхЗАчЪДуАБхоМч╛ОчЪДуАБцЭ░хЗ║чЪДуАБцЧах░╜чЪДшодчЯечз░ф╕║KevalajnanaуАВхЬиш┐Щф╕кхРНшпНф╕ня╝МцККjnanaф╜Ьф╕║шпНх░╛цППш┐░ф╕АчзНчЙ╣цоКчЪДjnanaч▒╗
хЮЛуАВ
ч┤ФцнгуБзхоМчТзуБзхВСхЗ║уБзщЪЫщЩРуБоуБкуБДшкНчЯеуБпKevalajnanaуБихС╝уБ╢уАВуБУуБохРНшйЮуБлуАБjnanaуВТф╕ЗшГ╜уБохНШшкЮуБиуБЧуБжуАБчЙ╣цоКуБкjnanaщбЮхЮЛуВТцППхЖЩуБЩуВЛуАВ
Sambhinnam pasamto, logamalogam ca savvao savvam.
Tam natthi jam na pasai, bhuyam bhavvam bhavissam ca. (684) ┬а
Kevala-Jnana grasps in one sweep all that is in this universe and beyond the universe in its entirety; certainly, there
is nothing in the past, future and the present which is not grasped by this type of cognition. (684)
Kevalajnanaхп╣хоЗхоЩхПКхоЗхоЩхдЦчЪДф║ЛцГЕцЧацЙАф╕НчЯея╝Ых╜УчД╢я╝Мф╗Цф╣Яхп╣ш┐ЗхО╗уАБх░ЖцЭеф╗ехПКчО░хЬичЪДф║ЛцГЕцЧацЙАф╕НчЯеуАВ
KevalajnanaуБпхоЗхоЩхПКуБ│хоЗхоЩуБохдЦуБоуБУуБиуБлуБкуВУуБзуВВхИЖуБЛуВЛуАВуВВуБбуВНуВУуАБх╜╝уБпуАБщБОхО╗уАБх░ЖцЭехПКуБ│чП╛хЬиуБоуБУуБиуБлф╜ХуБзуВВхИЖуБЛуВЛуАВ
(B) PRATYAKSA-PAROKSA PRAMANA Precepts On Direct And Indirect Knowledge
хЕ│ф║ОчЫ┤цОечЪДчЯешпЖхТМщЧ┤цОечЪДчЯешпЖ┬а
щЦУцОеуБочЯешнШуБищЦУцОеуБочЯешнШуБлщЦвуБЩуВЛ
Gehanai vatthusahavam, aviruddham sammaruvam jam nanam.
Bhaniyam khu tam pamanam, paccakkhaprokkhabheehim. (685) ┬а
That cognition which grasps the nature of things in a proper and uncontradicted form is called pramana; it is of two
types-viz. Pratyaksa (direct) and paroksa (indirect). (685)
шГ╜хдЯхРИчРЖшодшпЖф║ЛчЙйцЬмш┤ичЪДшодшпЖчз░ф╕║pramanaя╝ЫхоГхИЖф╕║ф╕дч▒╗я╝МPratyaksaя╝ИчЫ┤цОечЪДя╝ЙхТМparoksaя╝ИщЧ┤цОечЪДя╝Й
чЙйф║ЛцЬмш│куВТхРИчРЖчЪДуБлчРЖшзгуБЩуВЛшкНшнШуБпpramanaуБихС╝уБ╢уАВуБЭуВМуБпф║МчиоуБлхИЖуБЛуВМуВЛуАВPratyaksaя╝ИчЫ┤цОечЪДя╝ЙуБиparoksaя╝ИщЦУцОечЪДя╝Й
Jivo akkho atthavvavana-bhoyanagunannio jenam.
Tam pai vattai nanam, je paccakkham tayam tiviham. (686) ┬а
The word┬а├п┬┐┬╜aksa├п┬┐┬╜┬аmeans a soul either because it covers the entire range of the things or because it enjoys these
things (the tow meanings depending on two different etymologies of the word┬а├п┬┐┬╜aksa├п┬┐┬╜┬аand the type of cognition, which
is had be an aksa is called pratyaksa; it is of three sub-types. (686)
├п┬┐┬╜aksa├п┬┐┬╜ф╕АшпНшбичд║чБ╡щЬКщнВя╝МчФ▒ф║ОхоГхМЕцЛмф║ЖцЙАцЬЙчЪДш┐Щч▒╗ф║ЛцГЕя╝Мф╣ЯчФ▒ф║ОхоГхЦЬчИ▒ш┐Щф║Ыф║ЛцГЕя╝Иш┐Щф╕дчзНф╕НхРМчЪДцДПцАЭхПЦхЖ│ф║Оф╕дчзНф╕НхРМчЪДшпНц║РхПКцДПф╣Йя╝МхоГхПИхИЖф╕║ф╕Йх░Пч▒╗я╝Й
aksaуБиуБДуБЖхНШшкЮуБпуБЩуБ╣уБзуБоуВВуБоуВТуВлуГРуГ╝уБЩуВЛуБУуБиуБиуБУуВМуВЙуБоуВВуБоуВТхе╜уВАуБУуБиуБоуБЯуВБуАБщЬКщнВуБицДПхС│уБЩуВЛуАВ
я╝Иф║МуБдщБХуБЖцДПхС│уБпщБХуБЖшкЮц║РуБКуВИуБ│цДПхС│уБлуВИуБгуБжуАБф╕ЙуБдуБоуВ╡уГЦуВ┐уВдуГЧуБлхИЖуБСуВЙуВМуВЛуАВя╝Й
Akkhassa poggalakaya, jam davvindiyamana para tenam.
Tehim ot jam nanam, parokkhamiha tamanumanam va. (687) ┬а
The physical sense-organs and the internal organ i.e. mind, are something alien to an aksa or self, and the type
and the type of cognition had through the instrumentality of these two is called paroksa-just like inferential
cognition. (687)
хдЦхЬичЪДцДЯшзЙхЩихоШф╗ехПКхЖЕх┐ГчЪДхЩихоШя╝ИцАЭцГ│я╝ЙхРМaksaцИЦшАЕф║║чЪДш║лф╜Уф╕НхРМуАВщАЪш┐Зш┐Щф╕дч▒╗хЩихоШцЙАх╛ЧхИ░чЪДшодшпЖчз░ф╕║paroksaя╝М
ш┐ЩцШпф╕АчзНцОишо║цАзчЪДшодшпЖуАВ
шВЙф╜УуБоцДЯхоШуБихЖЕх┐ГуБоцДЯхоШя╝ИцАЭцГ│я╝ЙуБпaksaуБВуВЛуБДуБпф║║уБоф╜УуБищБХуБЖуАВуБУуБоф║МчиощбЮуБоцДЯхоШуБлуВИуБгуБжх╛ЧуВЙуВМуБЯшкНшнШуБпparoksaуБихС╝уБ░уВМуАБцОишлЦуБоцАзш│куВТцМБуБдшкНшнШуБауАВ
Homti parokkham mai-suyaim jivassa paranimittao.
Puvvovaladdhasambamdha-saranao vanumanam va. (688) ┬а
The two cognitions mati and sruta are paroksa i.e. indirect because they are acquired by a soul through the
instrumentality of something alien to itself or because they are born of the memory of relationship grasped earlier,
just like inferential cognition. (688)
Matiф╗ехПКmatiцШпф╕дч▒╗цОишо║цАзчЪДшодшпЖя╝МщЧ┤цОецШпчФ▒ф║Оф╗Цф╗мщГ╜цШпхАЯхКйф║ОчБ╡щЬКщнВф╣ЛхдЦчЪДхЩихоШцЙАшО╖х╛Чя╝МцИЦшАЕщГ╜цШпщАЪш┐ЗхЙНщЭвчЪДчЯе
шпЖцЙАцОичРЖх╛ЧхЗ║я╝МщГ╜цШпцОишо║цАзчЪДшодшпЖуАВ
MatiуБиsrutaуБпф║МщбЮуБоцОишлЦуБоцАзш│куВТцМБуБдшкНшнШуБзуАБщЬКщнВф╗ехдЦуБохЩихоШуБлуВИуВЛуБВуВЛуБДуБпхЙНуБочЯешнШуБлуВИуБгуБжцОичРЖуБЧуБж
х╛ЧуВЙуВМуВЛчЯешнШуБауАВ
Egamtena parokkham, limgiyamohaiyam ca paccakkham.
Imdiyamanobhavam jam, tam samvavaharapaccakkham. (689) ┬а
In a real sense, the cognition acquired through the other sources is paroksa i.e. indirect while cogni-tion acquired
directly by the soul is pratyaksa. But the cognition, born of a sense-organ is┬а├п┬┐┬╜pratyaksa├п┬┐┬╜┬аpractically so called. (689)
ф╗ОхоЮщЩЕцДПф╣Йф╕КцЭешп┤я╝МщАЪш┐ЗхЕ╢ф╗ЦщАФх╛ДшО╖х╛ЧчЪДшодшпЖчз░ф╕║paroksaя╝МщЧ┤цОечЪДшодшпЖя╝ЫшАМщАЪш┐ЗчБ╡щЬКщнВчЫ┤цОешО╖х╛ЧчЪДшодшпЖчз░ф╕║
pratyaksaуАВф║ЛхоЮф╕Кя╝МщАЪх╕╕х░ЖщАЪш┐ЗцДЯшзЙхЩихоШшО╖х╛ЧчЪДшодчЯечз░ф╕║pratyaksaуАВ
хоЯуБпуАБщЬКщнВуБлуВИуБгуБжчЫ┤цОеуБлх╛ЧуВЙуВМуБЯчЯешнШуБпpratyaksaуБзуАБуБЭуВМф╗ехдЦуБоф╗ХцЦ╣уБзх╛ЧуВЙуВМуБЯчЯешнШуБпparoksaуБиуБДуБЖуАВ
уБЧуБЛуБЧуАБцДЯхоШуБЛуВЙх╛ЧуВЙуВМуБЯшкНшнШуБпхоЯщЪЫуБлуАМpratyaksaуАНуБихС╝уБ╢уАВ