Chapter 1
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Chapter I
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Samyagdarshana-gyana-charitrani- mokshamargah
_Right faith, right knowledge, and right conduct
together consti-tute the path to liberation.
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Tattvarthashraddhanam- samyagdarshanam
_Belief in realities ascer-tained as they are is right faith.
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Tannisargadadhigamadva
_This right faith is attained by intuition or by acquisition of knowledge.
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Jivajivashrava-bandha-samvara-nirjara-mokshastattvam
_The living and the non- living substances, influx, bondage, stoppage, dissociation and liberation from karmas are the seven types of reality.
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Nama-sthapana-dravya-bhavatastannyasah
_The realities, right faith etc. are installed by name, representation, substance (poten-tiality) and current state.
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Pramana-nayairadhigamah
_Knowledge of the realities, right faith etc. is attained by means pramana (the complete knowledge) and naya (one aspect of the knowledge).
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Nirdesha -svamitva- sadhana-dhikarana-sthiti-vidhanatah
_Knowledge is also attained by description, ownership, means, resting place (substratum), duration and division.
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Satsankhya-kshetra-sparshana-kalantara-bhavalpa-bahutvaishcha
_Existence, number (enumeration), present abode, extent of space (pervasion), time, interval of time, thought-activity, and reciprocal comparision and also help in the attainment of knowledge.
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Mati-srutavadhi-manah paryaya-kevalani gyanam
_Knowledge is of five kinds_ sensory knowledge, scriptural knowledge, clairvoyance, telepathy and omniscience.
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Tatpramane
_All of these five kinds of knowledge are pramana i.e.
valid knowledge and are of two types.
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Adye paroksham
_The first two kinds of knowledge are indirect knowledge (since these are attained through the sensory organs and the mind).
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Pratyakshamanyat
_The remaining three know-ledges constitute direct
knowledge (since these are attained by the soul itself).
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Matih smrtih sangya chinta-abhinibodha ityanarthantaram
_Sensory cognition, remem-berance, recognition, induction
and deduction are synonyms for sensory knowledge.
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Tadindriyanindriya-nimittam
_Sensory knowledge is attained through five senses and the mind.
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Avagrahehavayadharanah
_The four divisions of sensory knowledge are
perception, curosity, judgement and retention.
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Bahu-bahuvidha-kshipranih-srata(a)nukta-dhruvanam setaranam
_The subdivisions of each of these are many, many kinds, quick, hidden, unexpressed, lasting and their opposites.
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Arthasya
_These are the attributes of substances (objects)
and known through sensory knowledge.
Vyanjanasyavagrahah
_Indistinct things are known only through perception sensory knowledge.
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Na chakshuranindriyabhyam
_Perception of indistinct things does not arise
by means of the eyes and the mind.
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Shrutam matipurvam dvyaneka-dvadasabhedam
_Scriptural knowledge is preceded by sensory knowledge
and is of two kinds, twelve kinds, and many kinds.
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Bhavapratyayo (a)vadhirdeva-narakanam
_Clairvoyance (avadhi) based on birth is possessed
by celestial and infernal beings.
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Kshayopashamanimittah shadvikalpah sheshanam
_Clairvoyance from destruc-tion-cum-subsidence of
clairvoyance covering karmas is of six kinds. It is acquired
by the rest (namely human beings and animals).
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Rjuvipulamati manahparyayah
_Rjumati and vipulamati are the two kinds of telepathy (manah-paryaya).
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Vishuddhyapratipatabhyam tadvisheshah
_Vipulamati is special as compared to Rjumati
on account of higher purity and infallibility.
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Vishuddhi-kshetra-swami-vishayebhyo(a)vadhi-manah paryayayoh
_Telepathy (manahparyaya) and clairvoyance (avadhi) differ with regard to purity, space, knower and objects. Telepathy is purer than clairvoyance, but clairvoyance extends to larger space. Those with telepathy maintain special restraint while clairvoyance can be had in all four conditions of existence.
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Mati-shrutayornibandho dravyesh- vasarvaparyayeshu
_The range of sensory knowledge and scriptural knowledge extends
to all the six substances but not to all their modes (forms).
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Rupishvavadheh
_The scope of clairvoy-anace is the substance
which has a shape (the matter).
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Tadanantabhage manahparya-yasya
_The scope of telepathy is the infinitesimal part of the
matter, which is the subject of clairvoyance.
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Sarvadravya-paryayeshu kevalasya
_Omniscience (kevala gyan) extends to all substances
and all their modes simultaneously.
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Ekadini bhajyani yugapadek-asminnachaturbhyah
_A soul possesses minimum one and maximum four kinds of knowledge simultaneously. If soul possesses only one type of knowledge, it is omniscience, if two-these are-sensory and scriptural; if three-these are-sensory, scriptural and clairvoyance or telepathy; and if four-these are-sensory, scriptural, clairvoyance and telepathy.
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Matishrutavadhayo viparya-yashcha
_Sensory knowledge, scrip-tural knowledge and clairvoyance
can also be erroneous knowledge.
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Sadasatoravishesha-dyadrachchhopala-bdherunmattavat
_Owing to lack of discri-mination between the real and the unreal, erroneous knowledge is whimsi-cal as that of a lunatic.
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Naigama-sangraha-vyavahararju- sutra-shabda-
samabhiru-dhaivambhuta nayah
The figurative, the synthetic, the analytic, the
straight, the verbalistic, the conventional and the
specific are the aspects of knowledge (naya).
Summary
ASPECTS OF REALITY
Path To Liberation
Rational (proper) perception, rational knowledge and rational
conduct together constitute the path to liberation. (1)
Rational Perception
Belief in reality (substances ascertained as they are) is
rational perception.
It is attained by intuition or by acquisition of knowledge.
Aspects Of Reality
Reality has seven aspects: (2)
- Souls
- Inanimate entities
- Influx of karmic matter towards soul
- Bondage of soul by karmic matter
- Stoppage of influx of karmic matter towards soul
- Shedding of karmic matter by soul
- Liberation of soul from karmic matter
Reality is understood through experimentation (3) and logical thinking.
Understanding an entity or concept entails the consideration of its description, ownership, cause, place, duration and classification.
It also entails knowing its existence, number, extent, area, time, distinguishing features, quality and comparison.
Kinds Of Knowledge
Knowledge is of five kinds:
Sensory cognition
Literal knowledge (4)
Extraordinary knowledge (clairvoyance)
Mental knowledge (telepathy)
Absolute knowledge (omniscience)
Sensory cognition includes recollection, recognition, induction and deduction. It is acquired by the help of the senses and the mind.
Scriptural knowledge is preceded by sensory cognition.
The subject of extraordinary knowledge is matter, including embodied soul.
The subtlest forms of matter forms the subject of mental
knowledge.
All the entities of the universe, including their modifications, form the subject of absolute knowledge.
Sensory cognition, literal knowledge and extraordinary knowledge can be wrong knowledge.