֍. ֭֟ꓵ ֟֓ ֢֓ ֍ ֻ֭ ֟ ֟
; ָ Ӭ ״ӓ ֍ ֓ ց֍ ֭֟,
ֻ֯ ֿ֟㬤ߓ ֵ ֬֝֯ߓ ָ߸֓
־, ִ ӯֻ־ָ : ֓ Ӿ ֜ ֵ.
֬ӓ פֵ ֻ . ֡ ㌟
״ ִ֬ Ӑ֟ ִ֕ ֵ. ֛
þ֟: ֝ ؍ ַӭ ևԙ . ָ
֓ ևԙ ãן ֝ ӟ ֻ֯
ꝵ֚ ֡, ㌟ߓ Ծָ ։ ֍־ָ, ַ :ӓ
ִ ֵ ֜֓ ֓ . ֵ֓ԭ ֯ϴ֝-
' : ־ ۿ۟֟ l
דֵ ㌟õ õ֤ :ִ֣־ ִ ll
: ־ õ ֭֬ l
ֵ ㌟õ õ֤ :ִ֣־ ִ l' ־֣. ll
''֯ϴ֝ ִ㌟ ꝵ֚ : ؍ ָ .
ָ ד ֻ֭ӟָ :
֙ ־ߓ ֟ ; ֓֯ϴ֝ : ؍
֬ ָ߳ ߟ ; ָ ㌟ߓ
þߍָ֭ӟָ : ؍ ֓ ־
ֵ.
֬ӓ ֵֿ֯ ֝ : ֓ ֭
אֻ֟ ; ָ ӭ ־֭֬ ։
֭־ ֤ ־ ֚ ֵֿ֯ ָ֓
אֻ֟ .
í֭ ӟ ևԙ
ִ֕ ־ָ י ֟. ָ ֬ӓ ָ
þ֓ Ӑֻ ֍. ֟֟ ֬ӓ
֟־ָ ֻ֓ ֟ ־ָ ָ ד֍ ָ
֬ ִֻ֕ ֟. ָ ۟֍ ߍ .
ӟӾָ ֓ ִ֟, ӟ֛ ӟ֛ ֭
ָ ֟. ֬ ֵפ ֍ ָ ֟.
ִ ӓ ӟ֛ӟ ִ֟ ӟ־ָ ִ֟
. ֍֭ ֬ ֻ֯֕־
֛ ֟֟. ֻ֟ӭ ֛ ֟֟. ֝
ۻ֟ . ֓ د֔ ֛ ֵָ߸㬤֚
֝֓ã֭ ߾֕ӟ ֵ ã֭ ֱ ֚ߓ
. ֭ ؍ ֭֭ ӭ ׯ֍ֻ껵
. ֬ӓ ָ߸ þ֓ ֻ ָ ӓ ֟
ӟ 㬤 ֟.
8 ã֭.
֬ӟָ֭ ָӟ ־ ߾ 14 ãӭӟ
ֳֻ . ã֭ӭ ã֭ ֟֟. ߾֓
؍ þֳ־ 5 ύָ ֟֟. , ֍, ֿ״֍, ֍,
ֵֿ״֍ ״֍. ־ ԓ ֭ ֮
֟, ֍ ֟֟. ־ Փ ֿ֭
֟, ӭ ֿ״֍ ֟֟. ־ ԓ ֵ ִֿ֭
֟, ִֵֿ ӓ־ֵ þֳ־֭ ֯
֟ ״֍ ־ ֟֟. ߾ִ֬ ֟֟.
֓ ֻ֟ ־֭ ֟֟ ӓ ã֭ ã֭
֟֟. אֻ֟֯ϴ֝ . ֟ӓ ӓ
֍֍ ֹ ã֭ אֻ֟ ִֻ ߭
ã֭ ֕ ֬۟֍ ֭֟֓ ֍ֿ . ӭ ֟֓
״֍ ֟ Ի.
אֻ֟껵 ֚ Դ֬ ־ԟ ϲֻ ߵ .
ԓ ֟֓ ־ ֍ ָ߳
߾ ַ ԓ-֟ þֹ֓-֭
Ծֹ ։ , ֝ ߾֯ ֓
֛ ֙ ֻ ۟ ֍֟ ֟֟.
ִ ֕ߍ ãӭӓ ֭ ֵ֓
ָ֜ ß ã֭ . ӓ ϴ֝ ִ֕־.
1 ״֣֥ :- ߵ ԓ ״֣֟ . ֓ ֭
߾ ֻ֯ ֓ ָ֓ ֍ ؍ ָ֓ ֓
ִ֣ ֣֣ ָ֓ ߟ . ״֣֥
߾ ֟֟. . ָ֕ ֝ ֤֣ Ӑֻ ֟ ߟ.
֓֯ϴ֝ ӭ ִ ֍ ֙ . ӟ
֓ ߟ .
2 ֤ ִ:- ״֣֟ ԓ ִָ
ֻ ߾ ִ֯ , ֝ ״֣֟֓
ã ֻ ֟ ֻ֬ ã ߾ ֤
ִ֥ ֟. . ־ԟ־ֹ ֤ ֭µ ֻ ֻ
֝ ִ߭߾ָ ֻ , ֭µ
ָ־ָ ֭µ ִ֕֟֟ ֓֯ϴ֝ ִ֓
֏ָֹ ֻ ֻ , ָ ״֣֟֓
ִ߭߾ָ ֻ ָ֬֟ߓ Ծָ
߾ ã֭ ֟. 4 ã֭ӟ ֻ ӭ֓
ã֭ ֟ ִֵ֭ ߾ ֓ ã֭ӟ
֟.
3 ִې֣֥ :- ִ֬ ״֭ӟָ
ӓ ״ ֤ ִԝ , ֓֯ϴ֝ ֓־
ִ ״֣֟ ӭ ״ ִ ߾֓ ֟֟,
ִې֣֥ ֟֟.
4 ӵִ֟ :- ߾֓ ֕ ֬ ִߓ߭
֟ ִ ֟֟. ߾ ִ ֟֟, ָ
ӵִ ߟ ߟ ӭ ӵִ֟ ֟֟
' פ ָ ߾ ־ָ l
֧פ ו֝ ִև ָ ll 29 ll-. ߾.
צӓ ֵӯ ָ ߟ ã־ָ
߾ӓ ߟ ߟ֒ ָ ו֭ ӭ
אֻ֟껵 Ծָ ã֯ԍ ֭֬ ֟, ߾
ӵִ ִ . ֯ ־ ã֭ ִ
߾ӭ֓ ֟.
5ӵ֟ӵ֟:- ߾ ϴ֝ӟ ӵִ
ϴ֝ӟ ӵִ ֟֟ ӓ ã֭ ֟. ֕
߾ӓ ֟ ֿ֣ ֻ֯
צ־ָ ֵӡ֝ ֟֟, ӵ֟ӵ֟ .
ãӓ אֻ֟ , ӓ , Ο
ãӭ ӵ֟ӵ֟ ֟֟. ã֭֯ ־
ã֭ ӵִ ֭֬ אֻ֟ .
6 ϴ֢ ӵ֟:- ӵִ ߴ֬
ϴִ֤ ־֭֬֟ ֟
ϴ֢ӵ֟ ֟֟.
7 ϴ֢ӵ֟:- ϴ֤ ֟ ӵִ֓ 㬤 ߟ߭
ֻ֭ ֟ ֭ӟ ֟֟, ߭
ϴ֢ӵִ ֟֟.
֟־ ã֭֯ ߭ ָ ?
ִֿ ԓ ִֿ (ֲ) ߾ ָ ֜,
ִֿ ֟֟. ϟ ߓ ָ ָ ã֭ .
8-9 10 ã֭ӟ ߓ ߾ ֟֟ ֝ 11
ã֭ ִֿ ߾ֻӓ 12 ã֭
֯֍ ߾ֻӓ ֟. ־ ã֭ ֍֭
ִ֭ ֓ ֟.
8 ԍ :- ֕ ִ ֟֓ ִ
ֻ ߟ ֍ 㬤 ֟֟
ԍ ã֭ ֟֟ ã֭ӭߟ ִ֭
ߓ ִ ϟ ֝ց֝ӟ ֟֟. ӟ
Փ ִֿ ؍ ֵ ߓ . ָ ֚
ֵָ ֻ ֟. ϟ ֝ӟ ߾֓ ־
ָָ ֟ þֹ֓ ֟֟.
9 ־ע֍:- (֤ӯֵָ)- ִ֭ ִֵ־֟ ߾ӓ
ִӟ ֝ ־ע֍ ֟֟.
ԍ֯ϴ֝ ϟ ֝ӟ ִ
֟֟. ָ ԍӟ ִֵӟ ִ ֟
ם ִ֭ ִֵ־֟ ߾ӓ ִ ִ֭ ֍֟.
ָ ãִ֭֬ ֓ ִֵӟ ִ
ִֻ ִ֭ ִֵӟ ֻ껵 ־ ߾ӓ ִ
ָ ֟֟. ִӭ ־ע֍ ֟֟
֤ ӯֵָ֓ ''ã֍ֵ'' .
ã֭ӟ ֭ã ԓ ִֿ ֟ ؍ ֵ
ָ ֟. ãֵ֭֯՟֓ ־ ߾Ӵ֬ ã֍ֵ
֟, ֏֚֝ ãֲָָ֭ ֤ӯֵָ
֤ , -
'ן םֵי כִֵ ־ִꌍִ l
ִֵֵָֻ֝ ם֧־֝ ll 57 ll
ӓ ϟ ִֵӟ ִ ֟֟, ߾ӭ
־ע֍ ִ֓ ߾ ֟֟. ӟ ִԻ
֭߭ ֻ֯ Թ ֭ ֍֟.
10 恴ӯֵָ :- ֻ֯ ֻ ִ֭ ֭ã ֻ֯
ֵ 恴 ֟ ӭ 恴ӯֵָ ã֭־ֻ
֟֟.
11 ֿӟ ֵ:- ߟָ ã:- ִֿ ߭ ָ֜
֭ã 恴 ֵӓ ִֿ ֟,
ӭ ֿӟ ֵ ã֭ ֟. אֻ֟֯ϴ֝
ָ֝ ֭ã 8 ã֭֯
ߟ ֳֻ ֟֟. ӓ֯ ִֿ ߾ֻ ߾
ߵ ύ ӯ֝ԟ: ֲ ֟֟
(ֿ״֟ ֟); ֝ ӓ ӯ ֿ ߟ ߟ.
֯ϴ֝ ֪ ӛӟ ֱ ֻ֯ ֭ ӛ־߸
Ӎ ֛ ֍ ; ֯ϴ֝ ֿ߾ֻ ߾ӭ
ӓ ִ ӭ ֻ ֍֟. ã֭ӟ
ֵ ֻ ӓ ִֻ ӭ ֿӟ
ֵ -ߟָ ֟֟, ָ ӯ ֭ ԭӭ
ָ ֻ֍ ֟֟ ӭ ã
֟֟.
12 ߝ֍ֵ- ߟָ ã :- ߾ָ ָ֜ ֓
ֿ ߟ ߟ ӓ ӯ ֿ ֟
ӭ ߝ֍ֵ ߟָ-ã ֟֟.
֯ϴ֝ ֟־ ã֭֯ ָ֝ ߾
֟ ߭ ֜ ָ ־ 8-9 10
ã֭ ֯ ֟֓. ֝ ַ֜Ӵ֬
֍ ӟָ ֟ ֯ ַ ߾ֻӓ
ֿ֟۬ ֲֻ֟ ύָ ֟. ִ
ߟ ָ֜ 10 ӟ 11 ã֭ӟ ֟֟, ֝
ֻ : ֮ ߾ ִֵ֭ ֻ ֛֟
(ֻ ã֭ӟ ֟֟) ַ ߭ ָ֜ ߾
֓ ־ԣ ֿ ߟ 껵ִ 10 ֟ 12 ӟ ֟֟
ֵӓ ӯ ֿ ֻ ִֻ ӓ
:֭֟ ߓ ָ ã֭ӟ֓ ֟֟.
־ ߾ ִӓ .
813 ֵ֍ֻ:- ־ ߵ ԓ ֿ ֻ־ָ ָ
ԓ ی ߝ ֻ ֟. 12 ã֭֓
֙ ã ߝ֍ֵ ֭־ָ, ԭ־ָ,
ԭ־ָ Ӹֵ ߭ ןֵ Փ ֿ
ֵ֍ֻ 13 ã֭ ֯ ֟. ӓ
֭־ָ ԓ ֿ ִֻ ӭ ֻ֖֭֓ ۯ
. ֟ ӭ ß ֡ ֚֝֝ ־ ֝֟֟
ӓ ֭ ֻ֖֭ ֟֟ ַ֝ӭ
'ֻ' ֟֓ ֡ ן֍ ӓ־ָ ֻ ֵ֕
֯ ִֻ ӭ 'ו֭', 'ָ֟', '߾֭㌟' ,
'' פ ֟. ߣԍ ã֓
ִ-Ͼ֟ԭ ֟. ָ םִ֡ӭ
ӓ ֓ ֤ ֟ ߟ߭ ֻ֯
ֵµ ֟֟. ֵ ӟִ ֕
ԯ , ־ ־ָ Ӥ
֭ã ֟֟ ֣ׯ ӓ ֭, ֭֓, ֵ 恴 ָ֯
() ֻ ֟ ӭ ֵ֍ֻ ֟֟.
14 -ֻ:- ָ אֻ֟ ϴ֝ ֻ ֭ã
ӓ ֭, ֭֓, ֵ (֓) ־ ָ֯ Ӥ
, ӭ ֍ֻ ֟֟. ֻ
֍ ֻ֍ 4 ןֵ ֭ߟ ô
־ ָ߸ֵ֓ Ӭ֭ӟ -ֳ
֟.
֯ϴ֝ ָӟ ־ ߾ ֯ֆֻ֯ ֬۟֍ ֍֓
ָ֭ 14 ã֭ӟ ֙ . ӯ 1
ָ ã֓ ָ, ןֵՓ, ֭µ ֟ ߾ӭ
֍֟. 5 ã֭ ָ֓ ֟ ӟ 7
12 ֵ՟֓ ã֭ ֭֟֬ӟ
֬ӭ֓ ֟ ϟ ã֭ӓ ֻ ӟִ
֕ 1 ԯ ֟.
9 ؍ ۬.
ی ؍ ֕ . ֟ ־ ԲӬ֭֯
ִֻ ã ֟֟. ֓ ָ
Ӿ ۬ . ۬ ֕ ׯ. ֯ϴ֝ ,
֯֝ ԭ ֟ӟֻ ֝ ߿ ֻ־ָ
㬤 ֭֟ ֓֯ϴ֝ ۟֍ ӭ ֟ ָ
, ֮ ַ 㬤 ֟֓ ֯ '۬'
؍ '' ֟֟. Դֻӟ ־ֵ ֟ 㬤
ی ؍ ۬ ֓ ã
Ӿ . ֝ ֟ ד֟ ֟. 1
ی ԲӬ֭֯ 껵 ۟֍ ã Ӿ ;
ִ֬ԟ, ֭֟֟ ֯ϴ֝, ֟֓
־ ؍ ֍ ֭֟֟ ֯ϴ֝ ֟֓ ӓ
ֿ֭ ی ֻ֭ . ִ֬Դ֟֯ϴ֝ ֟
þ֟ӡ ֟ . ָ
פֻ֯ ߾ ԲӬ֭֭ Ӭֻ
ִֻ ֻ֯ ԓ ֟. ֝
Ӭ֭֓ ֵ ㌟ ֟֟.
㌟־ã ֓ ӟ֖֭, ӟ֤ԭ, ӟ, ӟ־ߵ
פ þֳ֍ ֍֟ ֻ ֟֟. ֯ϴ֝
֟ӟ ֑ 껵־ָ ꭵ֓ þֳ֍ ß
֍֟ ֟ ִ 㬤 ß ִ֍ָ
֍ ׯ־ פ֟, ֯ϴ֝ ֵ֟ӟ Դֻ ֑
껵ִ ֟֓ þֳ֍ ß פ֟֟. ㌟
ֻ־ָ ߾ ָ ֟, ߓ þֳ־֟: ָ
֟֟, ֯ϴ֝ ֻ֯ þֳ־ָ֭ ㌟ ߾ ָ
֟֟. ֓ ϳ ã֭ . ֻ֬
֟֟. ־ ߾ ㌟ ֻ־ָ Ԑִ֭ ֓ ã֭
ִָ֭֕ ֟. ã֭֓ ֭ ָ ִԯ
ִ֬ԟ . ֓ ָ , פ ִԟ
֟ ֯֍ ֻ֭ ֵ֭ ãӭֲֲ֟
ָ֓ . ֟֯ϴ֝ ֟ þ֟ӡ ֟
ã֭֓ ӭ ؓ֟ ־. ָ
֤ԭӟ ֟ þ֟ӡ ֟ ֻ֭ ӯ
֯֍ ֭֟, ָ߸֍ָ֓ ֻ֭ . ӭ
ãֲֲ֭֟ ָ֓ ־ ֻ. ֟֯ϴ֝
Ӭ֭ӟ ㌟ ߾ Ԑִ֭ ֟ ֓
ϳ ։ ã֟ ֟, ֻ
ߟ.
ӛ֍ ֟֓ áӟ ֻ . ㌟
߾ӓ Ԑִ֭ ֭֟֟. ӓ ֟֯ϴ֝ ㌟ ߾ ӟ
ֵֻ֯՟ ָ ָ ָ ֟ ֟, ӓ ã֭
. Ԑִ֭ ֭ ӭ ã֭֓ ߓ ָ֓
ֻ ־ ֵ ? ӭ ֙ ־ , ָ ։
֓ ã֭ ӭ Ӳ־ ? ־ ֵ ?
Ͽ֓ ָ ӭ ֻ ־ ӭ ӭ
ִֵ֓ Ԑִֿ֭ ֻ֭. ָ ִ֬ԟ ן ־
ã֟ ֵ֍ ִ ִ Ӿ֓ ֭ Ӎ
ִ . ִß ӟ ֯
. ֓֯ ߟ ֓ ָ ӯֵ՟֓
㌟ ߾ ֟֟ ֯ ֟ ߟ ֓
ã֭ .
㌟־ã ָ߸ ָ 㬤 ֟֓ ֟
ָ߸ӟ ӭ ㌟ߓ ֳ ֻ, ָ߸֓
֍ָָ֓ ֓ ֍ָ ֟. ӟ ֭ӟָ
ָ߸֓ ־ֻ ֿ ֛, ֯ϴ֝ ָ߸֍ָ ֟
㌟־ã ֟, ִֻ פ ֍ .
㌟ ֻ֭ӟָ ֟ ֭, ָ, ά, , ,
:, ֵ ֤߭ ֟ ; ָ ־ ã ָ߸֓
֟֟ ָ߸ ֟. ㌟־ã ֵ֟֓
־ã ִӟָ ֵԟ ֟ 㬤
ֵ՟ ֻ : 㬤 ꝵ֓
ߓ ָ ִֻ ָ֍֟
֟ӟ ֟֟.
10 ִ֬ ß֍ ֵ ?
ִ ָ ӭ֓ ϴ֝ ֭֟֟
ִ֬ԓ ֭֝ ß֍ ִ՟ ֟ ; ָ ִ֬
ָ ֭֟ ; ӓ ϴ֝֟
þߍָߟ . ָ ָ ֭֝ ӭ
ϴ֝ ִ֕֝ ֕ ß֍ ֟ ָ֓
á֖֭ . ֙ ָ ֭֟ ߟ
֯֯㝵, þԭָ, ָ֟ פ ֭ߟ ߟ,
'ß֍' ֲ֓ ֜ . ߭ ָ֓
ִ֬ ָ ֭֟, ֟ þ֟ӡ ֭֟.
֯-㝵, þ-ָ . ֭֟ ֲָָ ϟ
֟ӟ ָ֟ ꝵ֓ ی ֭֟.
ã֟ ִ֬ 'ß֍' ֟ ߟ,
'ß֍' ֓ 'ß֍' ֲ֓ ֜ .
߭ ָ֓ ִ֬ ָ ֭֟, ֟ þ֟ӡ
֭֟. ֯-㝵, þ-ָ . ֭֟ ֲָָ
ϟ ֟ӟ ָ֟ ꝵ֓ ی
֭֟. ׯã֟ ִ֬ 'ß֍' ֟
. פ ִԾֻӲ ִ֬ ß֍ ֟֟
ӭ פִ ִֻ֭ ӭ ß֍
ֻ ; ָ ã֟ߟ ־ ִ ָïָӓ ߭
ß֍ ֻ ; ָ ã֟ߟ ־ ִ
ָïָӓ ߭ ß֍ . áߵ ֭
. áߵ ߭ ִ֬ ָ ß֍
ִ ֻ ֟.
ύ 4 .
.
ן ֻֿ ָߵ ӟ ֓
ã֭ . ֍ָ ֵ֓Փ ֻ֯ ߾֭֓
֓ ֭ӟ ֟ߟ . ֍ָ
ֵ֓խ ֻ֯ ߾֭֓ ֓ ֭֓
֟ߟ . ִ֬՟ ύӛ ־֭ ֵ֓
ֻ ٍ, ֍ ֟־ .
ӭ ִ֬Բָָ ָߵ ֓ ָ ӟ
ֻ֯ ֝ߓ ֏ֻ . ԭ, ֵ, ֍,
־, ֙, , ֻ, ӡ֟ӡ, ß, .
ֵ־ָ ֯ ֲֻ . , ٴ֍
, ־ԇ ִ֭ ֻ .
ָӟ .
ֿ֟: ֍, Í ֛ߵ֭ ß
ϴ֝ӟ . ִ֬ԭ ϣִ֯֓ ִԯϓָ֣
þߍֹ ֕
ß ϓ֟ ֕ ß
ϓ֟ , ֻ֯ . ִԭ
־֭ . ؾ֙ߙ ֻ֯ '' A history of Indian Literature'' Vo
l-ll ֬ 27-28 ָ ֟. - ''ָߵ ӟ
ן֓ ߭ ֯ . ָ
ֻ֯ ֍ӟ ֍ ־, ߓ
ߓ . ֭ ״֍
ִ֓߭֟ ߍ ֍ӟ 껵. Ӳָӭ
֚ ֟֍֯ ָ פӲָӭ ӓ
Í ֭ ֟ . ӟָ 10 12
֟֍ӯֵ՟ ֻ߭ ; ֳӿ
ֻ֯ ߍ ֬֍ ־
ֻ֯ ֟. ӭ ָ֣
ם ׁ֝ ִ ֛֭ ֿ ִ鬤
.
֕ ֲֻ , ־ . ־߸ӓ ֤
ָָ Ӳ֬ . ӭ ӓ ֤ ցӟ ,
ָ Ӑ Փ ֭ ֳֻ. Ӑ ᓵ
֭ӟ ַָӓ ֍ ֤ ־՟
ִֻ֕ . ϟց ֭ ַ֝ӟ 'ֻ֖֭'
ָ֖֭ ָ ַӟ '֍ֻ' ֯ϴ֝ ֻ֖֭
ִß ָָ֓ ֟ ϟց ֝֟֟ ֟ ֓֯ϴ֝
֍ֻ áӴ֬ אֻ֟ ϟ ֵ ֖֭֭
ï֝ ֝֟֟.
. ־߸ӓ ־ԝ֭Ӹ ߭ ֻ֖֭ ӭӟָ-ӓ
֍ֻ ֻ. ӯ ֙ ֍ֻ ֦ .
֓־ ֬ӟ 12 ԓ ֵӍ ֛.
ӭ ֻ֯ ӑֲָָ ׁ֝ ָ .
: ָ ָֻ ߟ. ֭ӟָ ֙߯
֦ ߟ ס֟
ց . ַ ցӭ ֭֟ פ .
ӓ ָ ֓־ ֬ ֬
ӟ , Íֻ߭ ֢֯ߴ ָ ףָֻ֓
ֻ , ־֯֓ ӑ֓ ؤֲָ
ֲӸ ֳ ӓ
ֻ.
פӲָ
֍ֻ ֦-þִ߭ӟָ ߓ ֍ֻ ֻ ߟ.
կ 4 ԓ ֭ ӓֲָָ 㯟 ֻ.
ӓ֭ӟָ 11 ֵ֓ 11 Ӑ֓ 10 Փ ֟ ֻ.
5 ֵ֓ 11 Ӑ֓ ֟ ֻ ֭ ύָ
ֻ ӕ ֭ ֍ . ӟָ 4 ֵ֓
ϣִ ָ֓ Ӑ֓ ֟ ֻ. ֯ϴ֝ Ӑ֖֭
ֻ. ֯ϴ֝ ֻ֍֭ ֭
߸ ־ԝ֭ӟָ 683 ֑ , ־ Ӑ
ֻ֍ ֭ 㯟 ꝵ֓ Ӑ ֻ
ֵ֓ ָӭ ֵ֙־ֹ ֵӭ אָָ ־ԟ־ָ
ֲֻ ¯֤ ִ֍ ־Ԣִ ֬ӭ ֻ֯ µ
ֻ֭ ӓ֍ ֳ ֻ. ӭ
ֳ '֙ӛִ' ִ֍ ӣӓ ֭ ֍
. ־ ֓־ ָ֬ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓
. ӭ 233 ֣ӟ 'ֵ-' 'ֵ-ֳ'
Ӿ֓ ӣ ӣ ֵ֓-ָָ ֵԳӁ
ß Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ԭ ֲֻ ֻ. ӓ֯ ֍
ן֊ֳ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ԭ ־ָ 'ע' .
֍ִ֬ 6000 ϴ֝ . ֯ ֭
ӣ־ָ ֵ֓ԭ ߍ ֵָ֓ ֻ.
ύӛ ־֭ . ӭ '֙ӛִ־ָ' ߸ֵ֓
ֻ. ύӛ ־֭ . ӭ '֙ӛִ־ָ'
֬ '־ֻ' Ӿ֓ ߍ ֍ 738 ֬ .
ߍ 72000 ϴ֝ . ָ ֭ ӣ ֵ֯
־ָ ӭ ߍ . ֝ 20,000
þԾ ֻ. ӓ ꐵ µ וֵ֭֓
ӭ 40,000 ֝֏ ֍ 759 ֬ ߍ
. 60,000 ϴ֝ ߍ Ӿ 'ֵ֬־ֻ' .
ߍӓ ֭ Í-֍ ״֟ .
֍ִ֬ , ֬ ֬ Í . þӵ
ߍ֍ָӭ ӣֵ֓ Ͽßߟ ֻ֯ϴ֝ .
''ֵ:֍ֳָ ד֟ Í״ֵ l
ם֯Ͼֵֻ֭ ꌟs ӣßָ :ll''
֙ӛִ֓ ֙ ӛ ־Ӭ . ֓ ֭ ־ֻ
ֵ֓խ ֍ӟ ֓ 41,000
. ־ ӣ֟ -֬ӟ֓ ӟ 恴,
ßָ ֝ԭ .
ߑԍֵֻ֯՟ ߭ ӣ ײ֦ (ׁ֝ ԙ)
ֳӛָӟ ׁ֟ ֻ . ָּ ֵֿ
ӓӓ ָ ־֭ ֟ ߭ ӣ֓ ύֿ֭
פ ߍ ֻ .
־ ֟֍ӟ ׁ֝ ״֓Ӧ ֬ӟ֓֍֟ ִ֍
ֵ֓ . ߭ ӣ֓ ־֭
֟ . ӭ ӓ Ӎ֭ 괴ָ֙
۲ָ-ָ֯֝ Ӿ֓ ӣ . ӣ
֍ . ӟ ߾, ԓ ֯֝
(ֿ֭) ӓ Ӥ ֝ԭ . ӣ־ָ
Í ߍ ֲֻ ֵ֯ þ.. ֻ֕ ӭ
ֵ֯ ߍ ֙ߍ ֲֻ .
ӣ֓ ָ ӛ ֯ ֬ ֻ .
.. ϣִ ֟֍ӟ Ӿ֓ ֭ ֭ ֵ֓
ֻ. ӭ ִֵָ, Ͼָ֭֓ ӓß֍ֵ ߭
֍ . 'ֵ' Ӿ֭ ֬
. ִֵָӟ ָָ ߭ ֟֟֟֓ ־֭
֟־ָ ӣ . 9 ֟֍ӟ ֵ֓
֓Ӧ ӭ ӣ־ָ Í ߍ ֪
(ֿ) . ןӐִ . 17 ֟֍ӟ
־ָ ָ֭ߤ ӭ ֿӓ ߟ ӟ ֭
֪֤֭ .
Ͼָ֭֓ ӓß֍ֵӟ ֖֭֟֓ ی֯
־֭ . ֟֟ , ֵ֓ԭ
ֳӭ֓ ֭ , ֝ ӯ 8
ֳ ֲֻ .
ִ 'ןֹ' ־֓ ֍ ֻ֭
֟֟. ӓ µ 'þִ' ֬ ֵ֓
. ӭ ־ԯϣִ ־ֵ֛ Í ӟ
'֣֟' ִ֍ ӣ֓ ֭ . ӣ֓ 10 ֵ
ӟ ߾פ ֟ ֟֓ Ӥ ־֭ .
ָָ ִ՟ ֲֵֻ, ߟ, ֝ . ã֭ ,
ã֭ ִ֬՟ ӣ . ؤӲָ Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӭ ֭֟ פ
ָָ ֵ֓ԭ ־ָ ߍ . ӟ
ߴ֟ Ӎ ӓ 'ָ֟֕־ٟ֍' ֪֭Ӥ ֵ֓ԓ
'֣֟Կٟ֍' ֭ߵ . Í
ӣ ӟ ֬ӟ־ָ
ӣ .
ԭ ֵ áӟ þִ ִӟֳֵ֦֓ ֵ֬֓
֬ . þִ ִӟֳ֦ ֵ֓խ 'ִ֯ߴ'
Ӿ֓ ӣ . ӟ õ־֤֓ ִ ־֭
ָ ִ ֟ӓ ָ֓ ֻ֭
. ӣ־ָ Ӎ ӭ '֟' ־ָ
֪֭פ ֵ֓խ 'á' Ӿ֓ ߍ .
á ֍ ִ֕֝ áߓ ־
֟. ֓ ֪֭Ӥ ֵ֓ԭ ָ֯֯߁ ϴָ֝֯߁
ֵ ־֭ ־ ߭
ֻߵ֍ .
Ӎ ӭ ֵ֓ '֭֍' ֻ֭ ָ ӟ
ןֵֿی . ָ ߍ־ֵ ӭ ֵֿ۬, ֵ
ֵֿ, ցߵáֵ, ϴ֝Ӑ . ӣ .
־ ӳ߸ . ־ָ ֵ֓
ӟ־ߵ פ֕ ϳ֓Ӧ ִ֍ ־֭
֍ӭ ß ߍ-ӣ . ם֭Ӥ
ֵ֓Փ ָ߁ִ Ӿ֓ ӣ ֵ֭֓
֚ ֵ . ־ָ ֵ֓ ϳ֓Ӧӭ
ϴ֍ִֻ֟՛ Ӿ֓ ӣ .
ׁ֯ ־ָ ӟ-ߵԓֵԭ ϴִָֻ
Ӿ֓ ߍ ֯ ӣ ֕ ֲֻ ߟ. ַ
ӓ ӯ֜.
֝ӟ ӿ ֝, ֯֝, ֩ . ӣ
ֻ֭ߵ . ֝ӓ ן֪֯ ֵ ' ֻ֍'
ӓ . ӟ 24 ߣԍ, 12 ֍֟, 9
9 ן־ . ӟ ֯ӓ 㝵
֝ԭ , ֝ ֟֟. ӿ
֝ӟ ӛ֓ ֝ԭ . ֩ӟ
ִ֓Ӧ֓ ֝ԭ . ӣ֭
ֳִָ ִֵָ֝ ֟ . ӓֿ־ֵ
-ӣ֓ ָ ӟ ֯ ӛָ . ֍֍ߟ
פ ֵ֓ԭ ӣ . ֵ֓
֙Ӥߓ 'ָӐ֓' ם֍ ־ . ־
ӟ ߸Ӥߓ Ӧϳ֓, Ӧӓ
ִԿִԳ, ֭ӕֵӓ ۾Ӭ֭ ֙ӓ
״־ԝ ֍ߟ Í ֍־ .
ֳӿ ֝ӣ, Í֯ ß
ϴ֝ӟ . ֓ ӛָ ָ
. ָ֓ ֵ՟ ӟ
ӟ ׯϵ 껵 ֍ӟ
־֭ӓ ց ֍ ֻ ֟Դ֭
ӟߵ ӓ ֭֭ ִֻ ֿá ׳֮ ӓ
ן ֍ ӭ ֓ ֵ֭ ־ֿ֍ ֻ
. ¯ֵ֤֓ ֍ . ӓ ס
֯ ֻӍָ ֭ ӣ . ¯֤֭
֍ þֵӳ ӓ ôָ . þֵӳ, ¯֤,
֍ִָ, . ߭ ֳӿ ִ鬤
ӟ ֟ ꝵ֓ ֍ ֻ .
ӟ ֻֿ . ֵ֓ ӓ ֍
֓߭ (.. 932) ӣ . ָ֭֬ ֍, 㝵áֵ
֍ . ӣ ߓ ֵ֭ ִԓָ֓
ֱ ִԓָ֓ ֱ ֓֍Ӿָ ֟֟.
ӟ ־ ֯ . ֤ߓ
ֿßֻ֍ ӯ, Ӧֵ֓Փ ߾Ӭָӯ ֓
֓ӯ ־ . ֪ӣ֟ ֤߳֓
ִ֪ؓ֟ם ֭ߵ . ֙ӟ ßִֻ֓
֍ӟ֍, ףֻߍ֝, ӕ֭ ־֭ӕֵ . ֙
֝ߵ . ß ֓ ָ֟ ־ֵ֛ӟ
. ֍ ֭ӕֵӓ ָ֯ ß, Ӧ֓
ִ֝פ . ß . þִ ִӟֳֵ֦֓ԓ
þֵӳßӟ ֤ԭ֓ ߓ ֬ӟ
Ӑָֻߟ߭ ӛ . ֿ֍ ß־֭ .
ן-ӣ֓ ֭־ . ֤߳֓ 'ִ֡֓
־ ' ן֯ ־ӣ . ֵ֓ ״֟֟ߓ
'֟--Ӥ, ' ֩Ӥ ֵ֓ԓ ֩Ӥ
ӓؾֿן֍ ָ֕ ־Փ ִֻ Ӥ
ןӣ .
־ֵ ן, ֵ, ֍, , , Ӎָ,
ם֟, ֭֕ן . ֵӾָ ֵ֓ԓ ӣ ֕
ֲֻ . ן ֵ ֵ֍
ϴ֝ӟ ֬ ֻ . ֍ӟ 敵֤֯ ֤֭ߓ
֍ ֍֭֓ ֍ֵ֭ ֍ ֭ߵ
. ־֛ӟ ֭ӕֵ ִִֻ ֻ֭֍,
Ӎָӟ Ӎָ-ִؓ֟ם ם֟ӟ ־߸-םָ֟-Ӑ
֭֕ߟ ֤ӓ ן־ֳ . ôָߵ ӣ
. ֻ Í ֍ ӣ֓
ִ־ֻ. Í ֍ ־ן ָ
ֻֿ .
֛ߵ֭ ӟ ָ ִ
ӭ ֯ ֻ . ֛֭ ָ
ן֯֓߭ ֓ . ؍ ֛֭ ֟,
֝ ֓ ֵ֓ ֍߭֓
״ֻ . 13 ֟֍ֵ֯՟֓ ֛֭ ־
ӣ֍ָ ֓ . ӯָָ ֯Ӳ֬ ֲם
ԝָ áߵ ӣ ֍߲֧ ֤
ָ֙ ? ֛֭ ֪ӣ֟ ֓߭ 'ִӛֵ ֝'
֍ ߸֟՛ ִӛֵ ֓ . פӯ,
֍֟ , ׳֭־ ӯ . ֓ . 'ԙ
֓' ֍ ָ. ֵָ֓խ ֍ֲֲ֟
ָ ֜ . '֛
. ֵ֕֯՟ ֲֻ ֻ껵 ־ ֓߭ ִ
ߓ֓ Ꟶ. ֿ֟: ֓߭ ߴ ֛
ן ֻ . ӯ, ӭ ָ
ߴ֬ ֓ ֭֝ ꐵ Ի. ָ ߭ 14
֟֍֓ ӟֵ֯՟ ־ ӯ־֓ ֭ . ֛
ֵ֍ , Ӎָ, ֍, . ӣ ֍
ϴ֝ӟ ӭߓ . '
Ӑ֝ ꐵ ָ , ׁ֝ ֛֭
־ פӲָ ־֭ӭߓ
. פӲָ ӯֵ֤ӟ ־ ϴ ϴ
ֵ֓ ־ ԙ ֳӟ֓ ָ ӭ
֍ ؍ Íִ֬ ӣָ֭ ֍ ־
ָ ֛֭ ӣ֍ָ .
ִ ֟߯ ִ֬
Í߭ ϳ֟ ֻ . '' 'ֻ֤ߵָ'
Ӿ֓ ӣ ֧ߵ ֵֵ֓խ .
ϣӟ ָ֟ ӟ ֻ
֜֟. ־-֯ ִ ןֵ֍
֓߭ ־ָ ֵ֓ԓ ֿ ϳ־ . '
ִֻ' ֍ ֓ . ӓ ֓߭ ی
ןִ֍ . ֻ֤ߵ֭ӟָ ӓ ןָ Ӎ
֟. ''ן֭ ֻ ֟ '' ֍
ӣ Ӑָ ߸֭ . ӟ 㬤 ֵ֍
֬ӟ אֻ֟ .ӓ֭ӟָ ֻ껵
ߍ֍ָӭ ֻ֯ ӣ֟ ָ ӣ֓ ָ ӣ֓
ָ ֻ . ֓ ύָ ֝֏ ӣ
'֭ םכ' ־ ӟ .
ִ ꓵ ӓ ֍־ӯ ִؓ֟ם, ֻ֯כָ
ֻ֯ן ֍ӓ . ֻ֯כָ
ןִ֯ ִ ӣ ۟֍ ןֲֲ֟ ϴֳ֝
ֻ֭ ֟. ֓ ߭ ֏ӛ ֵ .
5 ֑־-ָֿ ־, ִם, ֭֍,
֍ָ ־ ֍ . ӓ ־ӓ
֍ ֵ֓ . ֍ӭ ִ
֍ . '֮' ִ ן֯ϓ֟
֍ . ִ֬ ֍ֻ ֟.
'֑ә' ӣ֟ פ֍ ֑ә, دֻ ֑ә ִם
֑ә ֭ߵ ӣ . ӭ ם֟
ן-ӲӬ ӣ . ֯ϴ֝ ִ
֭ ִ鬤 ֻ .
ָ֣ פӲָ ߭ ־
ӓ ' Ը ' ӣ֟ ״ ֍.
פӲָ ӟ ӣӓ ӏ ָߓ . 껵
300 ԟ ӣ ֓ .
־֍ӓ þֵ֬ ־ֿ֍ Ծ
. ־ָ֬ ӓ ו֭־֝ߓ ֭
֓ ϵ֟ ן֯֓߭ ֯ . ִ
ӟ ֪ӣ֓ ϴ֝ ֍ . ָ֬֟: 16
֟֍֯ ֪ӣ ӟ ֓ ֵ֭
ֵ Ի. ן֍ ӣ֟ ֣֟, ִֵָ,
֙ӛִ, ֳֵ֯, ֍ . ֯ ӣ֓ ߍ
. ֵӣ־ָ ָ߁ִ, ִ֯ߴ,
ϴִָֻ, ֵ֤ׯ֍ ֣֟Կٟ֍ ָ
֭ ӣӓ ߍ ֲֻ . ߍ-ӣӓ
ֵ֭ ֳ ߟ ߟ ָ ָ֣,
ָ ן֤ ׁ֝ ӟ֟ ֓ ֳ
֟. ֯ϴ֝ ִ ꓵ ϓָ
ֵֵ֍ . ־ ם֍ ӣӓ
ӓ ֤ ֻ . ֤֓
ֵ ϣִ֟: ֵ֯ ֭֫ӭ ָ .
֤ ֕ ֟ ־ֵ ״֟. ֻ
֤ߟ ֓ ֓. ֪ ֪ þ֟ӡ֯֝
֟ ֬ӟ֓ ֝ԭ ־ֵ
״. ֪ ֟ . ӻ֕ߓ, 'ִ ύֿ֍'
֪ ֟ . ֟ ִ֕ߓ 'ֻ'
֬ӟ֓ 滵 .֝ ֻ֕, ֝ ִָ֟֕
֝ ֤֕, ֝ ֭֕֕, ֝ ֵָ֭֟֕, ֝ ֵ֓Ӥ,
. ־֭ӭ ֻ֯֯ ϓ֟
֪ ֪ ؍ ύָ ֭ . ֭ӟ,
֚֯, á, ٴ֍ ֭֕, ֪ ֟
֝ .
ӓ ֿ֟ , ӟ ӟ
֓ Ͼ ־ԡ ֟ . Í ֍
ӣ֍ָӯϴ֝ ӣ֍ָ֓
֭µӭ ָߍ ֵӯ ֭
֟֟֟ ֭ ־ ֻ֯ ־.
ز֤ ִ ֓ ־ԭ ֻ֯֯ ӣ ֭ .
֟ ־ ָ ֟ ߾ֵ
ָ֭ߤ֕ӓ '֟֍' ֍ ֻ֭
. ӓ '֙ ִֵָ' ֟־ָ ֯
ӣ .
Ӳָ ֙֯ Ӑ ֖֭
Ӎ֟ 㬤 ӻָ֭֟ ß־ß ֻ.
ߵ־ԭ֓ 6 ֟֍֟ ֵ Í ӓ ցֻ֟
֤ ֳ ֻ. ֟ ֻ֍ 껵
Ӑ 㾵ֵã֟ פ . '֣ ֭֓
֟֟' ֭ӟָ ߸־ԝ֓ 10 ֟֍֟
ֻ־ ָߟ (֛֙) ק֝ ցִ־֝ ӓ
ֻ֟ ֍ ֳ ֻ . ֟ 11 Ӑ֓
Ӎ֭ ֻ. 12 Ӑ֓ ָ ֻ .
ֵ֟֯՟ ôָ ߓ ָ֬ Ӑ֓ ֚֚֯
ֻ . ָ ֟ ߸־ԝ Ӿ֟ 1980 (..453)
ָ ֭ ӣֹ֟ ӣߟֹ֟ ֻ. ֬֓
ִ֝֓ ã 揵֟ ӯ֤ ٤֝
ӓ֍ ֟. ӭ ӓ ָָ ֵ
ߟ, ֻ֯ 㬤ָ߭ Ӎߟ .
ߓ ֝֯ϴ֝ ֝߭ӟָ Ӑִ֟
ָ ָ ֻ .
Ӳָ ӯ֤ӓ ֯ ִ ֳ֟ ֳֻ
. 1. ֆӐ- ָ֓Ӑ, ֯Ӑ, ã֭Ӑ, ִ־ֵֆӐ ,
־֟ , ִ֟֬ԍ, ֍, ָ֯ף֍ ,
Ͽ־֍ ֯֍ 2. ָ Ӑ -֯ן֍ ,
֕֯Ͽ , ߾׳ִ , ϖ־֝, ӳ澤߯ ϖ֯֟,
Ӧϖۯ, ԯϖۯ, ֲָֻ, ־֟, ¯֍,
¯֓֍ , 3. ֯ύ߭֍- ֣:-ָ,
֤ϟ֏֝ , ßָ, Ӥ־ָ֓ߍ Ӧ, ------
1 ִֵ֝ ֻ֯ ִָ֓ ֟֍ӟ
.
'' ߤܬםցִִ֝ ߾߸֤ ߟ֍-־ֿ֟-(980)
֟ ֤־֤ٳց־ֿ֟ ָ֬ ֢֯
֟ۓ ֵ֟.. ־ֻ֍ֵָ ֳֵ
ӑ֟ ־֤֍ֻ߭־֬ ֳִֻ֍ֵ
֤֭ ״ۓ־֭ ֍֭ יsי֭
ִֻ֯֍֭ þִ֟ Ӎֵ ß֍ֹ: : l
֟ ֟ ִָ֭֝֬֟ׯ ֣Ӎָ֭֭֭ ־ִׯ
ִ֭ ߤܬ֝ցִִ֝ ֟: ll''
:- . ܬ֝ ִִ֝ӭ . . . 980 ֬ 12
ԓ ִ ֬ 껵֭ӟָ
֓ ֻ־ָ ־ ߾ӓ ָ֚ áֳ߭
ӑ֓ ֭ ֍ ֻ֍ 껵 ־ ֬ӭ
ֳֻ ָӴ֬ ־ ӓ ֻ֍ 껵
ß ָ י י ִӓ ӓ ֻ֯
㬤߯ϴ֝ ־ á ӭ Ӎ֭ ִ
ܬ֝߁ִִ֝ ӭ ־ ִӓ ֻ֭ ֟.
(ִֵӤ֝ ִָ֓ ֟֍.)
ß־, ם֪, ֯ϟ֏֭ ߸ß־. 4
ֿߣ, ֿߣ, ־ָ, Í,
ӓ֍. 5 - Ӥ ־ָ, 6 ָ
- ֵָ֭֬, ־ֿ֍, ־֍ دֵ֛ی.
45 ӣ ִ ֻ ֟֟. ӓ ֍ .
ӟ ָ֓, Ο, ֟֟, ן, . ֬
ֵӓ ֝ԭ . פӲָ ӯϤֵ֓ ӟ Ӑ
Ӑֲ ӣӓ Ӿ ӟ ֻٝ껵 ֵӓ
״. ָ ӟ Ӑפ ߟ. Ӳָ
ӯϤֵӟ ֦ϖׯ֟ ; ԯϖۯ, Ӳ澤߯֯ϖۯ ӭ
Ӑ ֻ֭ . ָ פӲָ ӟ .
֓֯ϴ֝ -֍ ֵָ֭֬ ־־ָ ֿߣ
ִ֍ ӣ֭ Ӑֲ .
Ӳָ ָָϴ֝ ݬ֝߭ӟָ וֳ֦֭ ֝
ִִ֝ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ 'ֿ־ֿ֍
µ' ߓ ӣ . ӟ ֍ ߟ߭.
֭֓ Ӥ ֓ . ֣֟־ָ µ .
־֭ þ֖ ֭֟֟. ־ָ ֓ӵ ֬
֝ ӓ ֣֟Գµ ß ߍ . ״֍
־ָ ߍ ֲֻ . ־Ӑ־ע֍ָ .
ֵ֤ ӭ 9 ִ־ָ Í ߍ
. ֥߭ ֻ֬ Ӧӓ Ӿ ֭ߵ .
ӭ ״֍ ־ָ ־֢֯ ߍ .
־ֿ֍ µ־ָ ֻ ӓ ߍ ָ Ӥ .
Ӳָ ӯϤֵӟ ֵ֍ ָ .
ӟ 'ԯύן', ӓӐ', '֓߭ ־߭ Ԑӣ'
֭ߵ . 13 ֟֍ӟ . ־߭
Ԑӣӓ ֭ þ֖ ߍ ָ֬ . ӟ
֓ ֯ ִ Ӎ֍ . ֵ ֵ֍
ӟ ֬ פ֍ӓ ֵ־ָ֟ ֵ֭֓
֪ӣ ֻ֭ ֟. ӓ '֭ן֟֍ ύ'
֯ ӣ . ӟ ״֍ ֭֟ ֍ԓ ߾ָ
֝֓ ϵ֟ . ӣ־ָ ֵ֤
֯ ߍ . ӯϤֵӟ ֦ Ӿ֓
Ϗ֟ ־֭ ֻ. ֟֟ ӭ 1400 ύ ӣ
ֻ . ӓ ֲֻ ӣ֟ '֭־֤ Ͼ'
ӟ ֵ֯֟֍' á־ִ֟㓓ֵ Ӿ ֭ߵ
. ֣֟־ָ ӭ ߍ .
פ 'ϴֵֻֻ֢֭֝֟Ӎָ ֓ 'þ֖
ע' , 'õ־֤ ֍' ם ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ
'ϴִ֝ߴ' ۻ 'õ־֤ ӕָ'
ֵֿáӟ Ӥ ӣָ . 17 ֟֍ӟ ֵ֓
ֵֿ֕ ֻ ֍ ֻ. ӭ ֪֭Ӥߓ
á߾ָ י֝ ֵ֤,
ִֵ-ָא֝, ֍ . ӣ .
ִ֬ԓ ֬ӟ־ָ ӭ ־ ֭ ָ֓
. ־ֵ֭֓ ߭ ӣ .
֝ӟ ִֻ 'ֈ֓' (֩)
֍ ־ . ן ֓߭ . ӟ ִ֓Ӧӓ
. ' ֍ ֝ .
֓߭ ֝ӟ ֳָ֓ . ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ
'ס߿ֻ֍֯֓' ֭ߵ . ָ
ӣ .
־ӟ ֓Ӧӓ 'ִֵ֍־' ֵ֤ӓ
'ֵӟֵ֕' ֓Ӧӓ 'ן֣֭ ' Ӑֻ ־
. ֪־ӟ ֻ֭֯ ߓ 'ןֻ֍ӕָ'
֏֍ ӣ . ֙ӟ ִ֓Ӧ 'ֻֻ',
'֟ Ӧ' '֑־ֳ', 'ֳԵ־ֵ' . ֭ߵ
. ӟ ㌵ ֕ ߸־ֻ֭ ߸ Ӿ֓ ־֭
ׯ֙֓ ֝ .
ցם֍ ӣӟ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ '־֭֭' ֝ߵ
ָ . ־ִֵ֛ ӓ ӛָ .
֭ߓ 'ִֵֻֻ' ֦ӓ 'ִָև֍'
֤֯ӓ 'ָ־' ן֯֬ . ִֵֻֻ
֍ ӟ 滵 . ֍ ꓵ
֍ ָ ֵ . ֯ϴ֝ ֵ֓ ֬ ӓ
'״ןֳ־֯ϯӓ֍' ָߵ ӟ ϣִߓ
֍-ӣ ֻ֭ ֟.
֍ӟ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӓ '֬־֍' ָ
֬ . ֓ ֚ ֵӟ ֍ ֍
֯ ָ Ӑֻ ֍ ӣ ֍ӟ ֕ ֲֻ
. ӟ ֓Ӧӓ '׳ִ֭֬ؓ֟ם',
'֣Ӑ', 'ִִֻ֭', '֑ә', '׳ָ֭֬
֕' 'և ֧־' -ӣ .
ϲӬӟ Ӧϳ 'ϳ־֍', Ӑӓ
'ϲӬִؓ֟ם', ָֿ֕ӓ 'ϲӬ֍ ו֭֯ϳ
'֬ ߣԍ' ֯ ӣ . ָ
ֵӾָ ύָ ֲֻ . ֳӿ
ִ֬ ֻ֭֯ ד֟
µ֤֍ ֬ ß ָ .
Ӳָ ӯϤֵӓ ֵ ֍ ϴ֝ӟ ָ֣
. ִ ָ֣ .
֓ ֵ ' Ը ֆ' ӣ֟ ßָ פ
.
֤ ӟ ֲֻ . ִԭ ־֭ þ,
ԭ ֍ ӭ ӣ֓ ӯ֤ .
ӓ ֓ ß־֭ 'Sacred Books of East' Ӿ
ӣִֻ ύ֟ ֻ껵 ӓ ß־֭ ֭֓ߵ
. ִԭ ־ .֭֯ ӓ 'ִ֗' Ӑֻ
. þ. ߸Ӧ ֑֓Ӧ Ӭ ӭָ ֍
ָӟ ֻ껵 ־Ԭִ-Ӵ֭ӟ ֝ , '
ן֟֍' ӕ ֤ ֻ . , ,
, , ӯֵָ֟ ӭ ֲ֟ ֭ߵ
. ־־ָ ϳ㟾 ï֤ .
ָ:- ύ֟ ֻ
־߭ ֟ ӓ ӯ֤ . ֓߭
ӓ ֭֟֍ ן֍ ־֭ ֓ ϣ
ֻ . ֓ ־ ִ֣ , .
ֻ ㏟ָ, , ֻֻ, וֵ֭֕ .
־֭ӭ . ߭ ߕߓ ' ן'
㏟ָ ' ֭֟ ß־֭ 'ִӟֳ֦'
ӣ ֭ߵ . '֙ӛִ' 'ֵ֯' 'ִӟֳ֦'
ӣ ֭ߵ . '֙ӈִ' 'ֵ֯' 'ֵ
Ӧӓ' ß־֭ ֭֟֍ ן
֚ ֵ֭ ֵꐵ . ו֖ӭ ӓ ֵ֭
־. ӿ֍֚ ӟ ֯ ֵ֭
ִ .
֬ ֵ֓.
־֭ ־߸֭ӟָ ֬ ֵ֓ ӣ֍ָ
ֻ ӭ ֻ֯ ָ֤֓ ۾ָӭ
ִ֬ӭ֓ ֍ ־, ָ ֻ֯ ָ ֝߭
ָߵ ֵ֛ ӭ ִ鬤 ֻ֭ . ӯ
֬ ֵ֓ԓ ӣ֍ָӓ ֵ Ӂ֭
פ .
ִ ָ֝֬:- (.. 557) ־֭ ־߸ӓ Ϭ֭
(µ) , ӓ Ӿ 'Ӧן' ֟߭
ָ֟ ɝ ֑. Ӧ ؓ֟ ֻ. ֓
ָ Ӧߕ־ ی֯ϵ㌟߭ ӭ
ӭ ִָֿӟ ֻ֝. ӓ ӓ ֭ӟ
־ ֍ָ ӿֵ Ӧ߭ ߁ ֻ
־ӟ֓ Ϭ֭ ָ֝֬ ֻ֭. ֟ӟӓ ֤
ִ֕ ӭ ֤Ӑ ֓ ֭ . ֭ ll 30
֟: . ־߸ӓ ־ԝ ֻ ֓־
ִ þִ߭ ֻ֖֭֓ ׯ ֻ ֭ӟָ 12 խ
ӭ ־ԝï֤ ֯ ֻ.
֦:- (... 325) ןִ ֍ֻ . ӓ־
֬ӟ 12 ֵӍ ֛, ֬ӓ
ӑֲָָ ӭ ׁ֝ ָ . ֬
ִ֙ Ӧ㯟 ֻ֯ ־ָ ֳָ֕ ־
ӓֲָָ ׁ֝ . ן֍ ӟ֟
־ֲ֝ ך֝ ֻ֯ ӟִֵ ־ ֻ
֦ Ӳֻ ; ֍ ӑֻ ָ
פ. ֚ Ӧ㯟 ӓ ָָ .
Ӧאָ ־ԟ־ָ ֦ þִߓ
ֻ. ӱ '֦ ӱ' Ӿ֭ ֬
ӓ ָ֤֯ . ӓ
. ӓ ӑֳ֓ ߕָ֝ ֭ӟָ
֟Ӳָ פӲָӓ ָָ ֵ֓ԯָָ ֻ.
ϴ פӲָ ֵ֓ԓ ֵ ӟ
.
ֵָ֓ :- (., ָ ֟֍)- Ӑ
֟ ӟ אָָ ־ԟ֓ ӱ
֭ ߟ ֟. ֻ֯ ֿ֟ ֖֭֓ Ի
ؓ֟ ӭ ָߓ Ӵ֭ ֡ פ
ӓ֕־ ֻ. ӓ 㬤ߓ ָ߁
ӭ ӭ ֬ӟ֓ ց֝ פ.
¯֤ ֲ:- ֵ֓ ָӕ־
ֻ .. ֜ ll 11 ֵ֭ ֟ӓ
ֵָ֓ԭ ӭ ָ פ. ӟָ µ
Ӎָ ֻ ӭ ֟ .
¯֤ Ӎָ ֭־
ӭ ו֭֯֟ӭ ߁ פ. ֤ ӓ ֭
ӭ ֍ֻ ֲ ־ ֻ֚. ֲֻ߭
¯֤ӓ ֵµ ֻ֍
ӣָ֭ . ֯ϴ֝ ¯֤ ֲֻ
'֙ӛִ' ִ֍ ֬ӟ ӣ . ם ֙ӛִ
ׯֲ֬ ll 5 ӓ á֯ . ןף
ӟ ֯ӓִ Ӿ֭ ֬ ֻ.
ָ֬:- (.. ָ ֟֍)- ֵ֓ ָ֬֝֟: ֓
ֻ. '֭֯Ͼ֤' ִ֍ 5 ־ ß
֍ָӟԟ 'ֵ֯' ָӟ ָ֟ .
֓ ֿ֭ ֵ ֵ֯ Ӿ֓
֯ ֬ӟ-ӣ ֍ ֣ ӭ ֻ.
ֵ֓:- (..ָ ֟֍)-ֵ֓
ִ֬ԟ ӟ ϳ־ ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ ӲӬ
֬ , ֤ ӟ ߴӬָ þִߓ
ָ֕־ ։ ӓ פ֭֬ ֓ ӭ
֯ ֻ. ӓ Ӿ ֩Ӥ .
ִֻ ֵ֓
Ӿ֭ ֻ ֟ ֓ Դ֬ ӟָ
ֵ֓ ֻ. ӓ 'Ͼָ֭֓', ӓß֍ֵ'
'ִֵָ' Ӿ֓ ӣ ׯ֯֬ 'ֵ֙'
Ӿ֭ ֻ ֟. ־ֵ ӭ 'ֳ'
֭ . ֚ ֳ ֲֻ .
ֳ֯ӓ ֙ ֣ ӭ ֯֝ ֍ֻ
֦ µ ֻ֓ אֻ֟ . ־ֲ֝
ֻֻӟ ӓ ָߓ ٟ ևԻ .
þִ:- (.. ןָ ֟֍) ֵ֓ ӓ µ
. ӭ ֬ӟ Í ӟ ֲ֬
֣֟ ִ֍ ӣ֓ ֭ . ӭ '鬤ׯֵ֓֓'
֟֟. ־ֲ֝ ֻֻ . 108 ֬
ֵ֓ԓ ֡ ӿӟ ־ ֤֣ԓ
֟ . þִ ֻ. ֟. ӭ
ו֤֭֯ϝߟ ־ áӓ ֹ֭ ֲ֬ .
֝ߴ֡ӓ ֝ӟ ן ־֭֬ . ־ د֔
ִֻ 鬤ӓ ӏӓ ׯ د֔ ֭ ӭ
ֵӟ ֻ֝, ֯ ӭ 鬤ׯֵ֓֓ ֝ӟ
ֻ. ָ֬֟: פӲָ ִ ߾ָ֚
ӓ ӏӓ د֔ ־ ֟֟.
Ӵֳֵ֦֟֓:- (.. ןָ ־֣ ֟֍) ִ֕ӟ
ϳ־ ֵ֓՟ þִ ִӟֳֵ֦֓Փ ã֭ ӟ
. ӭ ֿ֭֓ ϝ ־ ߣԍ ֻ֭
. Ӎ ӭ ֟, ֪֭Ӥӭ áߟ,
וֵ֭֓խ פ֝ӟ, ו
ӿ֯֝ӟ, ֤߸֕ ֵֿ ־ָ
ԭ֣ ӟ, ߸Ӥ߭ Ӧϳ ӟ,
ßִֻӭ ֍ӟ֍ ֙ӟ ַ
ӣ֍ָӭ ֻ֯֯ ӣָ֯ ӓ ן ֤ԍ
ôָ ӭ ִÍָ . ߾֭ӟ ӭ
ô֍ ֻ . ֚ ӭ ӓ ؍
ֿ ֕֍ߵ ־ֵֻӟ ַ֓ ִ ֟
ٯ֟ ց֝ ֻ֯
ָӭ ִֻ֕, þֵӳ ß֓ ֭
ֿ֭֓ ϟց ֙ פ. ӓ
'ִ֯ߴ' , 'þֵӳ', '㌟֭֭', 'ו֭ßן
֟֍' '֍' ӣ ֲֻ ߾۬ .
ӣ ֲֻ . Ϗָ ٍ ֻ ֤ .
ӭ ӟ ױ ֯ցߵӭ á֣ԭ ؕ֍.
֬:- (. . ӓ־ ֟֍) ֵ֓ þִ ϴ֝
֬ӭ ӯϤֵӟ ֭֟ ״ֻ .
פӲָ ӯϤֵ֟ וֵ֭֓խ ָ ֤֭
ӓ ôָ . ӓ ی . ֳ֤֓
挟ָ֓ ֻ֓ אֻ֟ . ןֲ֤߹ ߓ
ִ ֍ֹ áֵ㌟ ָ ִֻ֕
. ֲӸ ӯϤֵӟ ӭ 'פ֍' ֿ֝
־ֻ ֟. ӓ '֭ן֟֍' ӣ ן֯֬ ֭
֍ ֣ . ָ ֵ־ָ֟
پֿן֍ ӣ Íִ֬ . ־ ӣ
ӳ߸ ֟֓֓ . ֬ ן֖
. ֻ ㏟ָ ӭ ֻ֯ ӟ֓ ֭ן
֬֍Ӎӟ (9-11) ֵ֭ ӿ֭ ֬
, ־ ן ֓ ֬ӓ ֬
Ӿӓ ־֭ ֻ .
֭Ӥ:- (.. ӓ־ ֟֍) ־ֲ֝
ֻֻ֭. 40 (64) ֬ , ӓ Ӿ
'֭Ӥ' . ֝ 㬤ߓ ߾Ο ӭ
'ו֭ά' ֟.. ӭ ӓ ָӓ
, ־ֹ ӓ Ӿ '敵֤֯' . Ӂ֟:
'' Ӿ . ֵ֓ ו֭ӭ פ֝ӟ
֤߸֕ ԭ֣֓ӟ ׁ֯ Ӿ֭ ӓ
ôָ . ֍ ֭ӕֵӭ ֵֻ֯ ִִֻ
敵֤֯ӓ ֍ 'ۿִ ֵ֡' ֯ Ӳֻ .
ӓ ' ֍' ӓ Í ֍ .
ӓ Ӗ ׁ֯ . '㐬ֲ' .
֤ӭ ֚ ֍ӟ ԓ
.. ־ֵ ӓ '־ԣ۬' , 'ִ֟ӡ' , ''
'ֳی' (Í) ָ ֲֻ ӣ . ӭ ֻ֯
֍־ָ . Ӑ־ӿߵ ֕ پ֭ߟ ӓ µ
. ӓ ֻ .. 482 512 ֵ՟ ֻ֭ ֟.
֡֍:- (.. ־ ֟֍) ӭ ֡þִ ֟֟.
ӭ ӓ ֤֓ ӛ ֚
סֻց֝֍ԭ Ӿ֓ á֓ ֝ ֲֻ ֟֓
ֻ֭ ׁ֭֟ ֻ֯ ֟Ӑӟ ֡þִߓ ֟֓
ֻ֭ ӭ ־ԯց֓ ֭
. ӓ ֻ ן֯֬ .
֣֭֮֯֟ ֡ ֡ ֵ l
֣֭֭֮֯֟ ֡ ֡ ll
פ֕ ӟ־ߵխ , ӓ
סց֝֓ ӛ ֚ ֩־֟ . ߴӬָ
þִߓ ִָֿӟ ։ ӓ ָ֝֬ӓ ֤֭
ֵָ ֡֍ָ פ . ־ֲ֝
ֻֻ 54 ֬ .
Ӎ:- (.. 620 680) ӭ ֵ Ӑֻ þֹ פ.
ύӛ כ ָ á֣ ָ֓ .
ֵ ӭ פ, ־ָ
ӣ֍ָӭ ֻ֯ ָ֤ ֻ. Ӳָָ ӓ
ӑ ֻ. þִ ִӟֳ֦ӓ ꐵ ָ֍ָ ִֻ֕
֟֟. ӭ ӓ ִ֯ߴָ '֟' Ӿ֓ µ
. ӓ ߾֭ ֵ ӓ 'ֵ֍Ӧ'
ß־֭ . ӓ ӳ߸ . ӓ '֟',
ϴ֝Ӑ, 'ֵֵֿ', '֬ߵáֵ'
'֣֟Ը֕־ٟ֍' ӣ ύ֟ ֻ .
ֵֿ۬ ύ֟ ֻ .
֪֭פ :- (.. 9 ֟֍) ֪֭פ ֭֟ ןִ֣
־֭ . ӭ Ӎӓ ֟߾ָ á
Ӿ֓ ֭ ӣ . ִ֕ ꝵ֓ Ӑֻ
Ӑֻ ־֭ӭ áߓ ־ . ־
ԭ-áӟ Ӑֻ ָ֟ . ӭ 'á' ,
ָ֯֯߁, 'ϴָ֝֯߁' , ָ֡֯߁, ֣֟Կ֍ٟ֍'
'㌟֭֙ߍ' ӣ .
ם֭פ :- (.. 9 ֟֍) ӭ Ӎӓ ӣ֓
ֵ֭ 'ָ߁ִ' Ӿ֓ ֲ֬ ӣ .
ӟ ϴ֝ ϴֳ֝֓ ׁ֯ ï ֝ ָ ֝ԭ
.
֭־ߵ :- (. . 790 825 ) ֬ӟ ӣ '֙ӛִ'
ֵ֯' ӓ ִԖ . ӣ־ָ ӭ 62000
ϴ֝ ֍ Í ״֟ ־ֻ Ӿ֓ ߍ
ֵ֯־ָ 20,000 ϴ֝ ߍ þԾ
ֻ. ߍ ֬ӟ־ָ ֓֓ .
־ֻ֓ ß־֭ ֍ӓ ֯ן. ٍ ֍֟
Ͼ֤߹ ָ ֻ֓ אֻ֟ .
ו֭ :- ( . . 800 880) ָӓ µ . ֻ֯
þԾ ֻ֭ӟָ ӭ ֻ֯ 'ֵ֬־ֻ
ߍ . ӭ þ֟: '־' .
־ֹ פ ӭ ֵֻ֟ӟ֓ ߁ ֻ.
, ӭ ֻ֯ ֹ־ã֓ ֤֓
ֻ֤ ӟֳԟ Գ Ӿ֓ ־
ֻ . ֤ӟ ו֟֍ ӟ
ϟ֓ ֙ ָ ָ ָӯ ؍
ֻ֯ ֍ӟ ִ ӭ ֻ֯
־ָ֭ . ֯֝ ӓ ӣ .
ӟ ֻ֍ ӓ ֭ ָ
. ָ ֬ þԾ ֻ־ָ ӓ µ
ֳֵ֦֓ ӭ ӣ . ֕ ־
ӓ µ ֕ ӭ ֭ .
ϳ֓Ӧ (.. 11 ֟֍)- ֿ֍ ־֭
֟. ־ ԭӟ ־ Ӑֻ ֍ ӣ֓
ӭ , ӭ 껵
'ֵ֍Ӧ' 'ϴ֍ִֻ֟՛' Ӿ֓ ֿ֍
ӣ֓ ֻ־ֹ ï . ӟ ӣ֟
ֵ֓ ם֭Ӥߓ ָ߁ִ ӣ־ָ µ .
־ֲ֝ ֻֻ . 40 (64) ֬ ӭ ֍ֵ֭
֍־ָ ß ӣ . ֓
ֲֻ . ӓ Ӿ ֭֩Ӥ ۭ֍ .
פ֕:- ( . .11 ֟֍) פ֕ ٍ
֍ߓ . ӭ ֙֍ִ֝,
õ־֤-֪֯ן ֻ֤־֤ ֬ Ꟶ. ָ
ֻ㌵ӟ ֻֻ . 39 ֬ , ֳ
Ӎ, ן֤֯ӟ ִԍٟ, ֝֟ ïן
ֵֿáӟ ֤֯ . ӭ Ӎ ӓ
ֵֵֿ־ָ 20,000 ϴ֝ µ ־֯
. ֍ 947 (.. 1025) ֬ ӭ ԭ֣
. ӟ ָ . ָ ָ ӣ
ß ӭ . ӓ Ӿ 'ןָ'
.
֬ ֵ֓ԓ ֵ ֻ . ֟
Ӳָ ֵ֓ԓ ֵ פ ֟ . ӯ
ӯϤֵӟ ֭֟ ֻ껵 þִ ֬ ӓ ֵ
ָ ֻ .
ֵیָ ֦:- ֦ Ӿ֓ ֵ֓ ֻ
. ָ ֦ ֍֓ 6 ֟֍ӟ ֻ.
֟߭ ɝ ֬ ן ָ״ ӓ Ӭ
. ӭ ִ־ָ ֵԌ ֭ ָ
ӣ .
ֻ־֤:- ן ٍ . ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭ ֻ֯
֍ӟ ־ ٍ ֻ־֤߭ӟָ
ֻ ; ӭ ֵ֓֍ ן ֯ ֓
Ӿ ָ֤ ֵ֓֍' . ӣ ֲֻ . ָ
ִִӭ ־ָ ߍ ״. ֵ֓ ӓ
. ־ֹ ֍֓ 8 ֟֍֓
ֻ ־.
וֳ֦֭ם:- ( . . 6 7 ֟֍) וֳ֦֭ם ִִ֝
ӟ ִ֣ ִִ֍ֻ ־֭ . 'ֿ־ֿ֍'
Ӿ֓ ӓ ֯ µ ӣ . ־ֹ֓
'µ֍ָ' Ӿ֭ ӓ ۬ ֻ.
ӣ֟ ӭ ֬ӓ ָ֓ӓ ӛ
. 'ֿ֝־֟' . ָ ӣ ӭ .
֏֟ ֻ֓ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭ .
֦:- (.. 700-750) ֟Ӳָ ӯϤֵӟ ӟִ֭
־֭ . ӭ Í ֍ӟ ӣ
. ӯ ֭־֤ Ͼ,
ֵ֭֕֯֟֍,֟ßָ, ֛ԭִ㓓ֵ
ִָև֍ ן ֬ . ֻ֯ ύ ӣ֟ ӭ
ֻ֟߭ ֬ӓ ָ ֻ֭ .
ֵ֤:- ( . . 11 ֟֍) Ϫ㴭 µ. ӭ
֬ӓ ֭ן֟֍Ծָ ӟ ־֯ ߍ
ߍ ֿ֍ ӣ֓ ָӿ ֓
ָ . פӲָ ָָ Ӎ , ֪֭פ
ϳ֓Ӧ ӭ ã֭ , ֲӸ ָָ
ֻ־֤, ֦ ֵ֤ ӓ ã֭ .
־֭, ֿ֍ ֟ ִ֭߯ ֭ ָ .
֓Ӧ:- (13 ֟֍) ־֭ ӛߟ ֵ֓ ֓Ӧ֓
ã֭ ן . Ը ָ ֬֕ ֵ ӓ
Ӑֻ . ӓ Ӿ־ָ ӭ ֻ֯
'֬־֍' ֓ ֵ '֍ ֍'
. ן֯֬ . ֵ֓ԓ ֭ Ӿ֟ 1145 ֬
ֻ. 9 ԓ ֟ӭ֓ ӭ ߁ ֻ Ӿ֟ 1162 ֬
ӭ ֵ֓ԯ֤ ״ֻ. Ӿ֟ 1229 ֬ ӓ þԾ ֻ.
ֵ, ֍, ־, . ־ ֵӾָ ӭ ӣ
. ֵ֓ ָ֍ָ ֕ ָֻ
ӓ µ .
ֵֿ֕ :- ( . . 18 ֟֍)- ֵ֓ ֓Ӧӭӟָ
Ӳָ ָָ ֵָֿ֕ ָ ־Կáָ֯֟
־֭ ֻ . ӭ ֿߟ ֵ֭
־ֵ֭֓ ֟ ־֭ ־, ָ ߟ
ӣ֓ ӭ ֭ . ӓ ֟֍, ֭ز֤,
ֵָõ, ֵ֯Ϥ߯ . ӣ ֵ֭ ָ . ӓ
ָָ֓ ן ־֢֯ ִ֟ .
ύ 5 .
֓߭ ֍ ֟֟.
(֓߭ ן֍ ִ)
-֭֟ϴ֝ ٯ֝ ֻ֓
ֳߓ ã֭ Գ߭ ֻ ־ . ֳ֤ӭ
֭֟ꓵ ց֚ ӓ ָ֢ ֻ áֵӓ
אֻ֟. Ӑ֓ 13 ־՟ ֓
ßָ ֝ԭ . ָ ֟ ֻ . ־ֹ
פ , ֟ ָ ß .
ӟ ߾ן־֯ ߾֭ꬤֵָ֯՟֓ ־ ϵ֟
ִ . ,
ָ ֍, ִ ָָ l
߾֍ ן֍, ߾-ָ ll
ִ֬ԓ ㏵ ց ߾֭֍֍ . ߾֭֍֚
ַ֝ ϵ֟ӓ ֍֓ Ӿ֓ ִ֬ ָ
ֻ֭, ָ ד֟ ָ . '֟ ؿ־ Ӥ' ֕
֟ , ֝֍ָ , Ӥ .
ߍ ֍ ָָ ֛. ָ
ִ֬Կ Ӳ֬ ד֡֍, ٟ֍ ã֯֟֍ ־
Բָָ ֝֍ָ ֟֓ ԭ
֛֟֟, ӓ ֵ Ӂ֭ .
ד֡֍
ָ ֕ӟ ց֝֯߯ 12 Ӿָ 'ִאָ
֛ . 'ߴָ' ӱ . ӱ
߾ָ ӟ Ӥ ד֡ .
ן֍ ߭ ֓߭ ִ֬Կ Ӳ֟ .
ָ Ӹ֝֓ ־ ӓ ãן ָ ֲָ ֻ
. ֕ӟ ֭֕֬ 9 ־ָ
ӱ-פ . ֮֟־ֻ Ӿ֭ ֬ . ӓ
֍ '֬־' . ֓ ֬ӓ ־
. ֓ ׳ָ֟ 'ԯֻ־ ֕ӓ ߓ ד֡ .
ִ Íן ֓ ֭ ֍ ֬ ֍ָ
֕ ִ (֭ 600-625) ӭ ֻ֭ .
ןӤ ־՟ ֓߭ ד֡ . Ӵ֬ ߓ
Ӎ , ֚ؕ ־ ד֡Ӳָָ
֮֟־ֻ ד֡ӓ ֭ ֵ֓ Ի.
ָ ד֡ӓ ָߵ ד֡֍ꓵ ןӟ ֓
ã֭ . ӓ ֿ֭ ֚ؕ֓ س֟߾ָ דֿ֡
ָֿ ״ߕ . ֬ س֟ Ӿָ
ָ֓ ד֡ Ӑֻ ã֟ ֻ֍ .
ד֡ӓ ֿ֟ , ߤ ָ ãָ
ӭ ӟ Ӥ ֍ ֟֍ ֜
, ֝ ו־ӟ ֙֟. ִָֿ֓
Ӥ ֭ דָ֟ ־ ӱ ֻӭ ׳֟
ֻ . Ӳ־ָ ֟ԍߓ ד֡ . ָߴ֬
־ָ ֳ֬ ֜ ֝ӟ ֿց
ֻ֍ߛ ߟ ֻ ֏ֻ . ־ ֕ ߭
֭µ֍ߓ ד֡ ֍ԍ Ӥ . ӱ
֭֩־ָ ִ֭ ֻ껵 ӓߓ ӓ
ߣԍӓ . ß֍ ֻ־֍ֻ߭ ד֡
ָߵ ־֭ӓ ֓ ֵ .
֭ӟָ ִ֬Կ Ӳ֟ ד֡֍ 10-11
֟֍֯ 25 ֟֍ֵ֯՟ ״֟. ־֭ӓ ֟
, ֬֍ֻ߭ (߭) ד֡֍ ֿ ӯ֛֟.
ֳӛִָ. ָ ӟ ָ֬֟: 1000
ֵ՟ ִ֬ԓ ϳ־ ָ־ԟ ӟ
ָ֓ ָ . ם ָ ,
ϴ֝ӟ ӭ ٴ֍ ӣ ֛֡߾ָ דס֟
. . 1157 ֬ דס֟ ֿߣ֓ ϟ
֕ ֲֻ . ֟ ן֯֓߭ ϟ . 15
֟֍֓ ֟֍ ד֡֍ ־ֵ
״֟ ӣӟ֓ ӯ֛֟.
ֵ֟֯՟ ֓߭ ֲֻ . ֓
֛֡־ָ ֜. ָߵ ד֡֍
֍ ֛֡־ָ ָ֓ ֻ . וֵ֭֕֕
֟ 'ד֡֍ ן ֵ֭֓ ߭
֛֡֓ ד֡ ß֍ ӟ ־֭ ֍ԍ ß
. '
֦ ־Դ חֱִֵ֟ 'Tirupatti Kunram. ' Ӿ֓ .
. . ִ֓Ӧ ӭ ־ָ֭ ӣ
ύ֟ ֻ . ӟ ד֡Ӿֹ ׁ֝ ָӟ
ד֡֍ꓵ ֬ߓ þֹ Ӑֻ ցӟ . ֯
֍ ד֡ . ֳ֤ ־߸ӓ ߾֭ ֙Ӿָ ύֿ
֍֟. ־ֹ ־ ֏, 韵֍, . Ӑֻ
״.
֛֡ ׁ֟ ־֟ ֍ ӟ ֵ
֟ . ־ָ ד֡֍ Ӥ ִ
־ֵ ״֟. ד֡֍ꓵ ֲ֟ ד֡֍
֭־ָ ־֭ . , , ֟ ,
'ד֡ӟ ύָ ִԻ֟, ñٟ ן־ .
ד֡ӓ ָָ ֚ؕ, , ֑ ֮֟־ֻ֓
س֟-ד֡ӓ . ִ֍ֻ߭ Íߓ ֵ֭֭
ד֡֯ ֭־۬ . ֿ֟: ֏
ִ֭֯֝ ֵӟ ַ ָָ ß . ֲ
Ӑֻ ߟ߭ ցӟ ֟. ' (ָߵ ד֡֍ . 33.)
ٟ֍
ִ֬ ־ע֯Ϭ֭ ִ . ֟߯
ֵ֕֯՟ ӓ ٟ-֭ ָ֬֟: ύָ ԭ
.. . ֟ ֭ ֕֍ ֯ןִ
ֲֻ , ӟ ֭ӟָ ԭ ֻ֭껵
߭ ָ ӟָ . ןִ
ցם֍ Ӑ ־ ־ 2000 ԯֵ՟ ֓ þֹӟ ִֵ
. ֭֩ ؍ ֛֭ã ָ֓
֑ 껵֭ӟָ ӟ ֿ ֜ .
֟ߣՍӓ ָ, ӟ ֮ ֟֟. ִ֬
֭µ֓ ֭ӟ ֍ָӭ וֲ֟ ָ ֟ .
ᓵ ֵֹ֓֓ ו֭֯ןִ ֲ֛
ֻ ։ ֍. ֛֭־ָ ᓵ ־ָ
֮֟ ֟ ֵ֯՟ ֻ ֟֟.
ִ֭ ֍ָ פ֟. ֻ껵 ןִ
ִ֭ ֭֩־ִָָ֭֕ ֟֟. ӟ
ӛ߾ָָ ֻ ֟֟. ߣԍӓ
ןִӓ þֹӟ ֻ֓ یֳ ִֻ ӓ
֭־ָ ָָ˸ ד֡ ֜ ֟֟. ־ֹ ֟
ߣԍӓ ןִ ֻ ։ ֍. פӲָ
Ӳָ ֬ ӓ ָӓ ֓
ß֍ӟ ӑֳ ύӟ .
֬֍ֻ߭ ִٟ־ָ ϣϴ֝ ־ָ
(ӓ ֍ָ) ꌵ־ָ ֟߾ָ
߾֟ ד֭ ֜ ։ ֻ. ָ ӓ
֭ þֹӟ ֛ .
֍ ־՟ ֓߭ ִٟ ֙֓ ߯
ך ״ֻ . ۿ֟֝ ԍֻ߭ , ֙
חִִֵ֬ ֻ . ֓ ֿ ִ֍ָ
ꓵ ִֵ . , ֣, ֏֭, ϵ .
ך֝֓ חִִֵ֬ ִ ־ֵ ״֟.
֯ 㯟֍ֻ߭ . . ֵ֬
֟. ֣ 24 ߣԍ ֬Դ֭ ־߸ ӓ
ٟ ״ֻ , ָ㯟֓ ֵָ ֻ ,
ß֍ ֣ ٟ֍ꓵ ߭ ִ ֻ
. . ֵ֍֤ ֻ֯ 'ָߵִٟ֍' ӣ֟
֟ ֣ Ӑ֍ֻ߭ ㏵֟:
ӯϤֵ֓ .
ӛאָ אָ . . 188 30 ֵԟ֓
Ӑ֍ֻ߭ ٟ ֻ֍ ֟ ύ ֟.
껵 ־־ 100 ӱ ӟ
ֻٟ . ׁ֝ ָ֓ ִֻ ִ֍ ã֭
껵 ִٟ ֲֻ ֻ껵 . ӓ . .
. 300-200 ֯ אֻ֟ ֟. ٟ þֹ
כ֭ Ӵ֬ ן ֻ֭ ֟֟.
־ֲ֝ ֬ ִٟ ָӟ
ß ֻ֝ ֟. ֻ֯ ִ ԭ
ӟ߭ ϟ ߓ ֭ ֻ֯֍ ֍
. ִٟ֍ ִ .
ã֯֟֍
ԍӓ ֬ ןִӓ ־ã֭ ׳֟ ֝ӟ
֟ ӭ ֍ ֻ . ָ־ԓ
ָ ֭֍ַӟ ִפӓ ۾ߵ ָ ֕
. ֕֓ ֭ וֻӟ
ִפ ֬֍ֻ߭ ־־֓ ց ֟. ָ֣֓
פӟ ã֯֟֍ ֍ , ָ
֟֓ ־ ֙.
ؾ֬ ӟ֟ ָ ֕ӟ '֕' ã 9 11
֟֍ֵ֯՟ ןӤ ֵֻ ֻ֭ ם
֝֓ כ כ ֯ןִ ־ֵ
״֟. Ӥ֏ӛ֟ ֻ֝껵 ִ Ӑֻ
Ӑ ֲ֤ ֻ֯ Ӑֵֻӟ ־ֵ
״. Ӥ֏ӛ -֟֟֓
ָ . ֭ ֻ֍ָӭ ֣ꓔ
֍ ִԝ . ӓ ֭ ֕ ֛
֡ ֓ ֍. ߓ ßӳ .
֓ ӓ 80 ֻ֯ ֏ֵָ֯՟ ־ָ Ӥ
ց ֜ ֕־֙ . ־ָ 껵
־ֹ ӓ 896 . . . ßӳ ߣԍ
פֿ֣ Ӳ֟ ֆ. ־ָ ӓ ٟ
껵 . ֻ ֛־ָ ֓߭
֭ߵ ִ . ֛֓ ֓߭
֭ߵ ִ . ֛֓ ָ ֕ .
֟֕ ߭ , 'ֿ֟: ã֯֟֍ꓵ ӟ
ӭ ֍ ԟ ֯ , ד֟֓ ӓ
ָָ ֍ ! '
ã֯֟֍ ־՟ ֓߭ ֿ ֓ ׁ֝
Ӎ אָ ӛאָ ־ԟӟ ֛
אָָ ־ԟӟ ӱ ״֟. אָ ӛאָߓ
ӱӲֲ֟ ״. ֭ӓ ֝ , ӓ
ד֡֟ ֓߭֟ ך֝ ַ֜
֍ָ ύָ ִ ӓ ֿ . אָߓ
֣ߐӱ ָӓ ִֻֻ ן֯֬ ֻ
. ã֯֟֍ꓵ ߭ ֝ߐӱ ֝ ӱ
֭ߵ . ִ֬ ã֯֟֍֬ . ԭ֣ӓ
߾֭ ӟ ן֍ֻ֭ . ꓵ ߭
֣ ֵ֯֙, ß ֭ߵ .
֯֟֍ ߍ . ã֭
֝ ֓ ã֭ ןӤ ִפ . ӟ
10 11 ֟֍ӟ ֕
פ֯ϴ֝ ןӤ . ״. ֭ӓ ֝
, '֭֕֯ӟ ִ ӓ
פ֓ ã ֻ . ָ ָߵ ꓵ
֍ӭ ( ֭ӭ) ָ ֵ㌟ .
ӓ ã֯֟֍ ָ֣֓ ֻ֜ .
־ԭ ֭ , ־ ֍ ã֯֟ ו־ӟ
֟ ָ ûߴ ֟ ֻ ֟. ״.
ױ֭ ӭ ã֯֟־ָ ӣ ӟ
֟, ָ־ ֟֍֓ ɝ ִ פ ,
ָ֣ Ӎ ֻ껵 ߓ .
֝֍ ִפӟ Ӳ־ָ
-ִԖ ֵֿԴ㐬 ֟. ׁ֝ ִԓ
ã֯֟ӓ ֕ ֲֻ . ӯ
Ӧֳ ֳ֣֮ ϴ . ָ֬֟:
ӓ ִ ֻ㌵ӓ ִ֤ ֏ ؍ ӓ
ֵ֏ֻ ֻ ־. ָ ִ֤ ֓ ύָ
ӱ . ֟־ ֟֍ӟ ִֻ֕ ֟.
ׁ֝ ִפ ٟ ϴ֝ӟ .
־ֲ֝ () ּþִ ֬ ִٟ
. ã֯֟֍ꓵ ߭ . ָ
ִפ . כ֭ ߓ . ָ ӓ
ׁ֝ ָߵ Ͼכ֭ ߿ ״ ؍ ָ
ָߵ ֬߿ . ײ֦ פӟ
Ӎ ִ֓ ֍ ֵ ־ָ ցߍִ
֝ߵ . ָӿ, ָ־ԓ ד֟֓ ֤
, ֓߭ ֍ ֿ ӯָ֛ ߟ. ֕
ӓ ß ך֝ ֍ Ӥ
ִ ֜֟. ִ ֬ ד֡֍ָ ֿӍ ־
ֻ֯ 'Ӭ֍ָ ߭ ָ' ( . 95-96) ָ ֟֟ ,
'ָߵ ֭ ֵ֤֟, ָ Ӹ֍
ֻ֓ פ . '
þ. . . ֵþֻ ӭ ִ֬Ӳ֟ ßֲ֟
ߓ אֻ֟ . פ־ָ ָӓ
ֲ֟ ֟֟, ''֟ Ͽ ã֟ ,
ӭ ָ ״ֻ ? xxx ־ָ
ӭ ֭֭֟ (פ) ָֹ ֻֻ ־֟,
֗ ָ ! ''
ָߵ ӓ ַ ӯϤ֍ ֳ֭֕ ֲֲ֟
״. ָ ӓ ֟ ֭ߵ . ӭ ֣
֓߭ ϴ֝ ֻ֯ ֟ ۿ֟
. '֣ ӿ֭־ֹ ֻ ֛ ״ֻ
, ָߵ ӯ֯Ϥ֍ . , ɝ
ִԭ ֻ֯֯ ֓ ӓ ֵ
. ꓵ ӟ ӭ ϟߍ ֝ ן ֓
Ͼӟ ֻ . ־ ٴ֍ ֟֍
֟ӓ ֭ , ֭֭֟ ־խ֓
ָ ߟ߭ ! ֟֓ߓ ״. ֭
ô֣ ӭ ֻ֯ 'פ ß ћ љیߕ ѱ '
ӟ .
֯ϴ֝ ֓߭ פ , ֻֻ, ӱ ִϯ֡ .
֭ ֕ -֓߭ ß֟: פ ֟. ֯
ָ ־ ֓ Ͼӟ ֻ
. ״. ֭ ӓ ֝ 'ָ
Ӳ֓ ֙ӓ ӟ ָߓ ֻ ֻ פ֟.
ύָ ֙ ִ֬ ֜ ֵ:
־֣ ֟֍ӟ . ָ ֑ ֭ ӱ
֜. 6 7 ֿ֟֍ӟ . ύָ ֙
ӿ֭ ֝֏ ӯ֛. ָ
ύָ ֙ӓ ֟ Ӥ Ӳ ִֻ֭ӭ ֻ֯
ִӟ ֵӟ ֻ֝. ״. ֭ ֻ֯ Histroy of Indian and
Eastern Architecture. P.209. ָ ֟ , ִ, פ, ,
ָ ֲָ֤ ֻֿ ֤ פӓ֓ :
ֵָ . ָ֣ ֬ ֣֭ פ
ߟ ? . . 1025 ֬ ֤ ֭֗߭
פ֓ אָָ ־ԟ־ָ ֻ껵 .
֣߭ӓ ִפֿ ״ . ״. ֭֓
֝ , ' ִֻ֭ӭ פ־ָ ֍֝
'ָ פ' Ӿ֭ ֻ ֟ .
ָ ֕ ־. ָ פ ־֓ ָ
־ػ ֿ ן ־ֵ . ָ ûִ
ן ֍֓ ֝ , , ֟, ֵ
. ã֟ ٟ ־ػ ؍
ꝵ ָ ߣԍӓ ־, ֝ ־ ָ֣
־ ִԓ Ӿ ֿ֝ ־. ִֻ֭֭7ӟָ
פ֓ ߝ쾤ָ ֕ ߴ֤, ֬֕
ָֻӭ ֻ. ־ . ־ֹ ֭
ӭ ֜ , ֣֭֓ פ
ִפ .
ϴ֝ '֟֟ ֲ֓ ן ֯֍ .
ן ֵָ ӟ Ӭ֭ӓ ־ֿ֍ ֟,
־ '֟֟' ִ֬ ٳ֟ . ֓߭ פ,
'ٟ ӱ ßӳ ֯ϴ֝ ֓߭ ֻֻ á
ӓ ִ־ ֟֟ӟ ֍.
־ֲ֝ () ֻֻ
. ֟֟ ֳ֓ ֻ֟߭ ֍ָ
և ӭ ־ֲ֝֓ 144 ֻֻӓ Ӑ ύ֟
. ӓ ß־֭ ӭ ӓ ן֍
֍ ־֭ӓ ց ֻ . Ӧ㯟 ם
֦ ӓ ָï (֯֟) ӲӬ֓ ־֭ ,
ӭ ֜ , ִ֙ Ӧ㯟ִխ
֦ ו֤֭߁ ֻ . ֯ϴ֝ ֻֻ
. 1 ֬ ӓ ôָ . Ӑ֓ ָ ־ע
־ֲ֤ ָ . ֵָ֓ ӭ ύ֟ . ӟ
ӭ 500 ֻֻ Ӑ ß־֭ ӓ
ן֍ ֟ ־֭ . ָ Ӑ
֛֭ ֭ ֯ ִֻ ӓ ־ע ָ֭
֯ . ֻֻ֕ . ִֵٟ֕ ӓ֍ .
ִ֣ ӭ ӯפ ύ֟ .
֓֯ϴ֝ , ֛ . ך֝ ֻֻ, ִϯ֡,
ӣ֯Ͽß, ¯֍, ּ־ֻ, Ծֻ, ֕־ӿ־ֻ ӣ
. ֭ ֯ ן֍ ִ ֲֻ פ .
þ . . . . ֵþֻ ӭ ֻ֯ ӟ
, 'ִ֬ 2500 ԓ Ӿ֟ ֭֝ ־
֡ӟ ־՟ Ӑֻ (֓߭) . ־ֹ ִ֕֟
, ֓߭ ן֍ ֙ߓ Ԑ֭֝ ִ֓
ӟ ֻ . ָ ך֝ 㯟 ֻ,
ӟ֓ ӓ ֭֝ꓵ
ָ֬־ָ ם֍ ן֍ 㬤 ־߸ӓ
֯ ֵ֛ ־ ֙ӓ ֻ ִ ۿ֟
֍. ӓ Ӑֻ ߟ߭ ־ ֙ӿ ִ
ֻ. ן֍ ֙ӓ ӓ ן֍
ּ־ֻ ״. ( ӿ֭ ӛ 1-. 211).
