SamanSuttam

35. Dravysutra

PRECEPTS ON THE SUBSTANCE 关于物质

Dhammo ahammo agasam, kalo puggala jantavo.

Esa logo tti pannatto, kinehim varadamsihim. (624)

The supreme visioned Jinas have described the universe to be constituted of six substances viz. Dharma (medium of motion), Adharma (medium of rest), Akasa (space), kala (time), Pudgala (matter) and Jiva (soul). (624)

具有无上先知的Jina说，世界是由六种要素构成的，Dharma (运动的介质), Adharma (静止的介质), Akasa (空间), kala (时间), Pudgala (物质) 以及 Jiva (灵魂).

 

Agasakalapuggala-dhammadhammesu natthi jivaguna.

Tesim acedanattam, bhanidam jivassa cedanada. (625)

The substances, Akasa, kala, Pudgala, Dharma and Adharma, do not possess the attributes of the Jiva (i.e. devoid of life) and they therefore have been called Ajivas (non-living). The attribute of Jiva is consciousness. (625)

Akasa, kala, Pudgala, Dharma 以及Adharma同灵魂截然不同，他们是没有生命的，因此他们被称为Ajivas；而灵魂的特点就是意识。

 

Agasakalajiva, dhammadhamma ya muttiparihina.

Muttam puggaladavvam, jivo khalu cedano tesu. (626)

Aksa, Kala, Jiva, Dharma and Adharma are incorporeal, where as Pudgala (matter) is corporeal. Of these, only the soul substance is conscious. (626)

Aksa, Kala, Jiva, Dharma 以及 Adharma是抽象的，而物质是具体的，只有灵魂具有意识。

 

Jiva puggalakaya, saha sakkiriya havamti na ya sesa.

Puggalakarana jiva, khamdha khalu kalakarana du. (627)

The Jiva (soul), the Pudgala (matter), these two substances are active, while the rest are inactive. The external cause of the activity of soul is Karmic matter and of the activity of matter is the substance kala (time). (627)

灵魂、物质是能够运动的，而其他几个则是不能够运动的。灵魂行为的外部诱因是物质，物质运动的外部诱因是时间。

 

Dhammo ahammo agasam, davvam ikkikkamahiyam.

Anamtani ya davvani, kalo puggala jamtavo. (628)

Dharma, Adharma and Akasa are singular in number, Kala, Pudgala and Jiva-these three are infinite in number. (628)

运动的介质,静止的介质以及空间都只有一个，而时间，物质以及灵魂这三者在数量上是无限的。

 

Dhammadhamme ya do‘vee, logamitta viyahiya.

Logaloge ya agase, samae samayakhettie. (629)

Dharma and Adharma-both these substances have their extension throughout the universe, while Akasa (space) pervades the universe and beyond the universe. Kala pervades only the time region.

(629)

运动的介质以及静止的介质在宇宙中都能够扩展，但是空间遍及整个宇宙并超出了宇宙，时间只是分布在一个时间域中。

 

Annonnam pavisamta, dimta ogasamannamannassa.

Melamta vi ya niccam, sagam sabhavam na vijahanti. (630)

These six substances (dravyas) are co-extensive in the same space and accommodate one-another, they are mixed up with one another from the time infinite. However, they maintain their identity without loosing their respective nature. (630)

这六种要素在同一空间共存并且相互依存，并且在时间上相互交织。但是，他们并不失去自己的本质特点。

 

Dhammatthikayamarasam, avannagandham asaddamapphasam.

Logogadham puttham, pihulamasamkhadiya-padesam. (631)

Dharmastikaya is devoid of the attributes like taste, colour, smell, sound and touch. It pervades universe, it is independent, huge and has innumberable pradesas, i.e., spacepoints. (631)

运动的介质不具有任何味道、颜色、气味、声音以及触感。它遍布于整个宇宙，它是独立的、无限的并且没有隔断。

 

Udayam jaha macchanam, gamananuggahayaram havadi loe.

Taha jivapuggalanam, dhammam davvam viyanehi. (632)

Just as water is helpful in the movement of fishes so is the Dharma in the movement of souls and matter. (632)

就像水能够使鱼在里面运动一样，Dharma就是灵魂以及物质运动的介质。

 

Na ya gacchadi dhammatthi, gamanam na karedi annadaviyas.

Havadi gati sa ppasaro, jivanam puggalanam ca. (633)

Dharmastikaya does not move itself nor cause other things to move; but it is an all pervading medium of motion for the living and non-living bodies. (633)

运动的介质本身并不运动也不会使其他的物体运动，但是它却是一切物体与生物移动的载体。

 

Jaha havadi dhammadavvam, taha tam janeha davvamadhammakkham.

Thidikiriyajuttanam, karanabhudam tu pudhaviva. (634)

Know that just as Dharma is substance, so is the Adharma. It is helpful in bringing about the rest of the Jivas and Pudgalas capable of being static. (634)

如果了解了运动的介质是一种要素，那么静止的介质也是一样。它为物质以及灵魂的静止提供载体。

 

Ceyanarahiyamamuttam, avagahanalakkhanam ca savvagayam.

Loyaloyavibheyam, tam nahadavvam jinuddittham. (635)

The substance space is devoid of consciousness, is incorporeal, accommodating and all-pervading. It is of two types one is lokakasa i.e., (space within the universe) and Alokakasa i.e., space beyond the universe. (635)

空间是没有意识的、无形的，它提供一种载体，遍及四方；它分为两类，一种是lokakasa，宇宙内的空间；一种是Alokakasa，宇宙外的空间。

 

Jiva ceva ajiva ya, esa loe viyahie.

Ajivadesamagase, aloe se viyahie. (636)

It is explained that the loka, i.e., universe consists of living and non-living substances, whereas Aloka consist of only a part of one non-living substance i.e., (space) (636)

在宇宙内的空间中存在着生物和非生物，而在宇宙外的空间中只存在着部分非生物。

 

Pasarasagamdhavanna-vvadiritto agurulahugasamjutto.

Vattanalakkhanakaliyam, kalasaruvam imam hodi. (637)

The substance time is devoid of attributes like touch, taste, smell and colour and properties like heaviness and lightness. It is characterized by mutation. (637)

时间没有任何触感、味道、气味以及颜色、重量，它的特点就是不断地变化。

 

Jivanam puggalanam, huvamti pariyattanai vivihai.

Edanam pajjaya, vattamte mukkhakalaadhare. (638)

The multiple mutations and various modes of the soul and matter are mainly due to time substance.

(638)

灵魂以及物质的变化和状态的改变都是由于时间的原因。

 

Samayavaliussasa, pana thova ya adia bheda.

Vavaharakalanama, nidittha viyaraehim. (639)

From practical view-point the time is meansured by diverse units like avali (closing and opening of eye-lids) Ucchvasa (time taken in an exhalation), Prana (taken in one respiration) and stoka (second). It is asserted by the Jinas. (639)

Jina曾说过，时间可以通过不同的单位来度量：avali（一次睁眼与闭眼），Ucchvasa（一次呼气），Prana（一次呼吸）以及stoka（秒）。

 

Anukhamdhaviyappena du, poggaladavvam havei duviyappam.

Khamdha hu chappayara, paramanu ceva duviyappo. (640)

The substance matter is of two kinds-in the form of an atom (paramanu) and in the form of molecules. Molecules are of six kinds, while the atoms are of two kinds. (640)

物质分为两种：由原子构成的以及由分子构成的。由原子构成的物质分为六类，而由分子构成的物质分为两类。

 

Aithulathula thulam, thulasuhumam ca suhumathulam ca.

Suhumam aisuhumam idi, dharadiyam hodi chabbheyam. (641)

Gross-gross, gross, gross-fine, fine-gross, fine and fine-fine, these are the six kinds of the aggregate matter (skandha Pudgal). The earth etc. are its six examples. (641)

物质的聚合状态分为粗—粗、粗、粗—细、细—粗、细、细—细六种，土地就是一个例子。

 

Pudhavi jalam ca chaya, caurimdiyavisaya-kammaparamanu.

Chavvihabheyam bhaniyam, poggaladavvam jinavarehim. (642)

The earth, the water, the shadow, the objects of four senses, (except sight), the Karmic matter and the atoms, these are the six different forms of matter. (642)

土地、水、影子、以及四种感官能够感受到的物体（除了视力），业报以及原子，这些是物质六种不同的形式。

 

Antadimajjahinam, apadesam imdiehim na hu gejjham.

Jam davvam avibhattam, tam paramanum kahamti jina. (643)

Such a substance, as is devoid of dimensions, i.e., two extremes and the middle, unextended, not to be perceived by the sense-organs and indivisible, has been called atom by the Jinas. (643)

Jina说，原子没有尺寸，不能为感官所感知，不可分割。

 

Vannarasagamdhaphase, puranagalanai savvakalamhi.

Khamdam iva kunamana, paramanu puggala tamha. (644)

Like the molecules, the atoms also possess the attributes of colour, taste, smell and touch, they remain everchanging by getting conjoined and disjoint. They therefore are called Pudgala. (644)

同分子一样，原子具有颜色、味道、气味以及触感，他们在结合或者分离时特性不发生改变，

因此他们称为Pudgala。

 

Panehim caduhim jivadi, jivadi, jivassadi jo hu jivido puvvam.

So jivo, pana puna balamimdiyamau ussaso. (645)

That which lives, will live and has lived through the instrumentality of the four types of vitalities (prana) is called soul (Jiva) and the four types of vitality are life-force, organs, life-span and respiration. (645)

灵魂借助于四种活力存在，这四种活力是生命力、器官、寿命以及呼吸。

 

Anugurudehapamano, uvasamharappasappado ceda.

Asamuhado vavahara, nicchayanayado asamkhadeso va. (646)

From practical point of view, a soul has a small or big size according to the size of the body, on account of its undergoing expansion and contraction. But from real view point, it is possessed of innumerable space-points (Pradesas). (646)

从经验的角度来说，灵魂的大小由身体的大小来决定，并不断的扩张和收缩。但是从实际的角度来说，它在空间中占据着无数多的点。

 

Jaha paumarayarayanam, khittam khire pabhasayadi khiram.

Taha dehi dehattho, sadehamattam pabhasayadi. (647)

Just as a ruby thrown into milk illuminates the whole milk only, so also an embodied soul illuminates its own body only. (647)

如果把红宝石投入牛奶的话，他只能够照亮整杯牛奶；一个灵魂也只能够启迪它所寄托的身体。

 

Ada nanapamanam, nanam neyappamanamuddittham.

Neyam loyaloyam, tamha nanam tu savvagayam. (648)

The soul is co-extensive with cognition, cognition is co-extensive with what is to be congnised, loka and aloka are cognizable, therefore cognition is all-pervasive. (648)

灵魂同认知共存，认知同所要认知的事物共存，宇宙内外的空间都可以被认知，因此认知无处不在。

 

Jiva samsarattha, nivvada cedanappaga duviha.

Uvaogalakkhana vi ya, dehadehappavicara. (649)

Jiva is of two kinds: mundane and emancipated; both of them are sentient and endowed with consciousness; even then the mundane souls have bodies while the emancipated ones do not. (649)

灵魂分为两种：世俗的和解脱的；所有的灵魂都具有感情和意识；只是世俗的灵魂需要身体而解脱的灵魂不需要。

 

Pudhavijalateyavau-vanapphadi vivihathavareimdi.

Bigatigacadupamcakkha, tasajiva homti samkhadi. (650)

The earth, the water, the fire, the air and the plants are various kinds of immobile beings with one sense organ. The mobile beings like conches etc. are possessed of two, three, four and five sense-organs. (650)

土地、水、火、空气以及植物都是具有一种感官的不会移动的生物；而移动的生物，像海螺等具有两种、三种或者多达五种感官。